Moral Reconciliation Essay Example for Free

Moral Reconciliation Essay From the beginning of the story to the end, Huckleberry Finn’s morals change rather dramatically and the novel focuses largely on this. Forced to reconcile his personal feelings of friendship for an escaped slave (Jim) with what society has told him is right, Huck learns through the course of the story to trust his moral instincts. As the story progresses, we see Huck’s character develop strong morals that eventually lead to his reconciliation. Early in the book, Huck is shown to have a low level of maturity and is very naà ¯ve. He relies more on the opinions of others more so than his own. Huck seems to know the rightful place of a slave, especially growing up in the American South. But this changes, in time, when he meets a runaway slave named Jim on Jackson Island. Huck knows he is defying society by not turning Jim in, but he continues to stay by Jim’s side and feels he can’t betray him as their friendship grows. This is an internal moral struggle for Huck, because he knows to society he is â€Å"wrong,† but to him their friendship made it â€Å"right.† While floating down the Mississippi, Huck and Jim come across a shipwreck. Huck, being the young, curious boy he is wants to explore it. Jim on the other hand is very reluctant to do so, but he feels obliged to follow Huck along anyways because he is a slave and Huck is white. On the wreck the two find a gang of robbers and a tied up man, they decide to leave immediately at this site. Huck and Jim then steal the robbers boat, but Huck feels a little guilty for doing this. So he makes up a story to a ferryboat watchman that his family was on the wreck and they needed help. The watchman showed up on the site just to discover that it sank, and the robbers most likely dead. Compassion is a key part in developing good morality and at this point Huck’s morality is slowly taking shape because he feels compassion for others. During a terrible storm, Huck and Jim are separated. Jim searches for Huck, but he cannot pinpoint him, so he goes to sleep. Huck eventually arrives on the raft to find Jim sleeping. Once Jim woke up Huck told him that the whole storm fiasco was just an elaborate dream he had, but Jim soon discovers he is lying and becomes upset. Seeing this, Huck felt guilty for hurting Jim’s feelings and apologizes. This is a pivotal point in the novel because Huck realizes that he has feelings for this slave. Once again he knows society would see this as â€Å"wrong† and just plain crazy. Huck is having another internal conflict, but feels that his friendship with Jim is morally â€Å"right† contrary to what society would think. Huck’s moral dilemmas are rooted in conflicting systems of morality: that of his upbringing and that of his own natural feelings of friendship for Jim. â€Å"I was paddling off, all in a sweat to tell on him; but when he says this, it seemed to kind of take the tuck all out of me. I went along slow then, and I warnt right down certain whether I was glad I started or whether I warnt. When I was fifty yards off, Jim says: Dah you goes, de ole true Huck; de ony white genlman dat ever kep his promise to ole Jim. Well, I just felt sick. But I says, I GOT to do it – I cant get OUT of it. Right then along comes a skiff with two men in it with guns, and they stopped and I stopped.† This a good example of Huck’s moral conflictions. At the climax of the novel, Huck as an epiphany. When Jim gets turned in by the conmen (the Duke and the King), Huck is devastated. Confused at what to do, Huck writes a letter that is intended for Ms. Watson, the letter reads: Miss Watson, your runaway nigger Jim is down here two mile below Pikesville, and Mr. Phelps has got him and he will give him up for the reward if you send. Huck Finn. After wrestling with his morals and consciousness, Huck makes his most important moral decision yet, when he states: All right, then, Ill GO to hell – and tore it up. He ultimately helped Jim escape. In the end, Huck acted on the highest level of morality regardless of society’s laws and ideas. Early in the story Huck displayed childish traits and a skewed morality because of how he grew up. But Huck changed entirely in his time spent with Jim. When life was forced upon Huck he had to develop and â€Å"grow up† rather fast. He quickly progressed from a naà ¯ve boy to a mature morally correct young man. Most humans strive for the betterment of themselves and society as a whole, and this is what makes Huck’s final reconciliation so compelling.

Medicalization for understanding shifting ideas about health and illness

Medicalization for understanding shifting ideas about health and illness Medicalization is term for the erroneous tendency by society-often perpetuated by health professionals to view effects of socioeconomic disadvantage as purely medical issues. It is the process by which human conditions and problems come to be defined and treated as  medical conditions  and problems, and thus come under the authority of doctors and other  health professionals  to study,  diagnose,  prevent  or  treat. The process of medicalization can be driven by new evidence or theories about conditions, or by developments in social attitudes or economic considerations, or by the development of new purported  treatments. Medicalization is often claimed to bring benefits, but also costs, which may not always be clear. Medicalization is studied in terms of the role and power of  professions, patients and corporations, and also for its implications for ordinary people whose self-identity and life-decisions may depend on the prevailing concepts of  health  and  illness. Once a condition is classed as medical, a medical  tends to be used rather than a  social model. Medicalization may also be termed pathologization (from  pathology), or in some cases  disease mongering. The concept of medicalization has educated the sociology of health and illness for many years now. Typically, it has been deliberated and examined with critical nuance, though some key thinkers within the discipline have suggested that it is not unequivocally negative. Conrad criticised and disputed that the development and growth of medical authority into domains of everyday existence was promoted by doctors and was a force of social control that was to be rejected in the name of liberation (Conrad 1973). Medicalization describes a process by which non-medical problems become defined and treated as medical problems, usually in terms of illness or disorders (Gabe et al. 2004:59) and likewise be simply classified as a procedure of increased medical intervention into areas which would more often than not be outside of the medical province. The term  medicalization  entered academic and medical publications in the 1970s, for example in the works of figures such as Peter Conrad  and  Thomas Szasz. They argued that the expansion of medical authority into domains of everyday existence was promoted by doctors and was a force of social control that was to be rejected in the name of  liberation. This critique was embodied in now-classic works such as Conrads The discovery of hyperkinesis: notes on medicalization of deviance, published in 1973 (hyperkinesis  was the term then used to describe what we might now call  ADHD). Medicalization explains a situation which had been previously explained in a moral, religious or social terms now become defined as the subject of medical and scientific knowledge. Many years ago for example some children were deemed and regarded as problematic, misbehaving and unruly. Some adults were shy and men who were balding just wore hats to hide it. And that was that. Nevertheless, nowadays all these descriptions could and possibly would be attributed to a type of illness or disease and be given a diagnosis or medicine to treat it in some cases. Medicalization explains this. Likewise, medicalization has been applied to a whole variety of problems that have come to be defined as medial, ranging from childbirth and the menopause through to alcoholism and homosexuality (Gabe et al. 2006: 59). Furthermore, the term explains the process in where particular characteristics of every day life become medically explained, thus come under the authority of doctors and other  health professionals to study,  diagnose,  prevent  and or  treat the problem. Originally, the concept of medicalisation was strongly associated with medical dominance, involving the extension of medicines jurisdiction over erstwhile normal life events and experiences. More recently, however, this view of a docile lay populace, in thrall to expansionist medicine, has been challenged. Thus, as we enter a post-modern era, with increased concerns over risk and a decline in the trust of expert authority, many sociologists argue that the modern day consumer of healthcare plays an active role in bringing about or resisting medicalisation. Such participation, however, can be problematic as healthcare consumers become increasingly aware of the risks and uncertainty surrounding many medical choices. The emergence of the modern day consumer not only raises questions about the notion of medicalisation as a uni-dimensional concept, but also requires consideration of the specific social contexts in which medicalisation occurs. In this paper, we describe how the concept of m edicalisation is presented in the literature, outlining different accounts of agency that shape the process. We suggest that some earlier accounts of medicalisation over-emphasized the medical professions imperialistic tendencies and often underplayed the benefits of medicine. With consideration of the social context in which medicalisation, or its converse, arises, we argue that medicalisation is a much more complex, ambiguous, and contested process than the medicalisation thesis of the 1970s implied. In particular, as we enter a post-modern era, conceptualizing medicalisation as a uni-dimensional, uniform process or as the result of medical dominance alone is clearly insufficient. Indeed, if, as Conrad and Schneider (1992) suggested, medicalisation was linked to the rise of rationalism and science (ie to modernity), and if we are experiencing the passing of modernity, we might expect to see a decrease in medicalisation. The idea of medicalization is perhaps related only indirectly to social constructionanism, in that it does not question the basis of medical knowledge as such, but challenges its application. Nettleton continues and states that is draws attention to the fact that medicine operates as a powerful institution of social control (Nettleton 2006: 25). It does this by claiming expertise in areas in life which previously were not regarded as medical problems or matters. This includes such life stages such as ageing, childbirth, alcohol consumption and childhood behaviour moreover, the availability of new pharmacological treatments and genetic testing intensifies these processesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ thus it constructs, or redefines, aspects of normal life as medical problems. (Conrad and Schneider 1990 as cited in Nettleton 2006: 25). Medicalization can occur on three different and particular levels according to Conrad and Schneider (1980). The first was explained as conceptually when a medical vocabulary is used to define a problem. In some instances, doctors do not have to be involved and an example if this is AA. The second was the institutional level, institutionally, when organizations adopt a medical approach to treating a problem in which they specialise and the third was at the level of doctor patient interaction when a problem is defined as a medical and medical treatment occurs (as cited in Gabe et al 2004:59). These examples all involve doctors and their treatments directly, not including alcoholism which has other figures to help people such as the AA. The third level was the interactional level and this was where the problem, social problem, becomes defined as medical and medicalization occurs as part of a doctor-patient interaction. Medicalization shows the shifting ideas about health and illness. Health and illness does not only include such things as influenza or the cold, but deviant behaviours. Deviant behaviours which were once merely described as criminal, immoral or naughty before have now been labelled with medical meanings. Conrad and Schneider five-staged sequential process of medicalizing deviant behaviour. Stage one involves the behaviour itself as being deviant. Chronic drunkenness was regarded merely as highly undesirable, before it was medically labelled as chronic drunkenness. The second stage occurs when the medical conception of a deviant behaviour is announced in a professional medical journey according to Conrad and Schneider. A prominent thinker in the idea of medicalization was Ivan Illich, who studied it profusely and was very influential, in fact being one of the earliest philosophers to use the term medicalization. Illichs appraisal of professional medicine and particularly his use of the term medicalization lead him to become very influential within the discipline and is quoted to have said that Modern medicine is a negation of health. It isnt organized to serve human health, but only itself, as an institution. It makes more people sick than it heals. Illich attributed medicalization to the increasing professionalization and bureaucratization of medical institutions associated with industrialization (Gabe et al 2004: 61). He supposed that due to the development of modern medicine, it created a reliance on medicine and doctors thus taking away peoples ability to look after themselves and engage in self care. In his book Limits to medicine: Medical nemesis (1975) Illich disputed that the medical profession in point of fact harms people in a process known as  iatrogenesis. This can be elucidated as when there is an increase in illness and social problems as a direct result of medical intervention. Illich saw this occurring on three levels. The first was the clinical iatrogenesis. These involved serious  side-effects  which were are often worse than the original condition. The negative effects of the clinical intervention outweighed the positive and it also conveyed the dangers of modern medicine. There were negative side effects of medicine and drugs, which included poisoning people. In addition, infections which could be caught in the hospital such as MRSA and errors caused my medical negligence. The second level was the social iatrogenesis whereby the general public is made submissive and reliant on the medical profession to help them cope with their life in society. Furthermore all suffering is hospitalised and medicine undermines health indirectly because of its impact on social organisation of society. In the process people cease to give birth, for example, be sick or die at home And the third level is cultural iatrogenesis, which can also be referred to as the structural. This is where life processes such as aging and dying become medicalized which in the process creates a society which is not able to deal with natural life process thus becoming a culture of dependence. Moreover, people are dispossessed of their ability to cope with pain or bereavement for example as people rely on medicine and professionals. (Illick 1975) Sociologists such as Ehrenreich and English had argued that womens bodies were being medicalized.  Menstruation  and  pregnancy  had come to be seen as medical problems requiring interventions such as  hysterectomies. Nettleton furthered this notion and discussed this in relation to childbirth. The Medicalization of childbirth is as a result of professional dominance. She stated that the control of pregnancy and childbirth has been taken over by a predominantly male medical profession. Medicine can thus be regarded as patriarchal and exercising an undue social control over womens lives. From conception to the birth of the baby, the women are closely monitored thus medical monitoring and intervention in pregnancy childbirth are now routine processes. Childbirth is classified as a medical problem therefore it becomes conceptualized in terms of clinical safety, and women are encouraged to have their babies in hospitals. This consequently results in women being dependent on medical care. Nevertheless recent studies and evidence have shown that it may actually be safer to have babies at home because there would have been less susceptible to infection and technocological interference (Oakley 1884, as cited in Nettleton 2006: 26) Medicalization combines phenomenological and Marxist approaches of health and illnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in that it considers definitions of illness to be products of social interactions or negotiations which are inherently unequal (Nettleton 2006: 26). Marxism discussed medicalization and linked it with oppression, arguing that medicine can disguise the underlying causes of disease which include poverty and social inequality. In the process they see health as an individual problem, rather than a societys problem. Medicalization is studied in terms of the role and power of  professions, patients and corporations, and also for its implications for ordinary people whose self-identity and life-decisions may depend on the prevailing concepts of  health and  illness. Once a condition is classed as medical, a  medical model of disability  tends to be used rather than a  social model. It constructs, or redefines, aspects of normal life as medical problems (Nettleton 2006: 26). Medicalization has been referred to as the processes by which social phenomena come to be perceived and treated as illnesses. It is the process in by issues and experiences that have previously been accounted for in religious, moral, or social contexts then become defined as the subject of scientific medical knowledge. The idea itself questions the belief that physical conditions themselves constitute an illness. It argues that the classification and identification of diseases is socially constructed and. It has been suggested that medicine is seen as being instilled with subjective assumptions of the society in which it developed. Moreover, it argues that the classification and identification of diseases is socially constructed and, along with the rest of science, is far from achieving the ideals of objectivity and neutrality. The medical thesis has much to recommendà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦including the creation of new understanding of the social processes involved in the development and response to medical diagnosis and treatment To understand the level of social power that the medical community exercises through medicalization, Conrad explains that physicians have medicalized social deviance. They accomplish this by claiming the medical basis of matters such as hyperactivity, madness, alcoholism and compulsive gambling [Conrad, p 107]. By  medicalizing  social matters, medical professionals have the power to legitimize negative social behavior, such as the case of suspected killers in judicial courts who claim temporary insanity and are, therefore, exonerated on medical basis [Conrad, p 111]. In extending this concept, the Endocrine Society may have medicalized social deviance in men who reduce their work motivation or become characteristically unpleasant because they are experiencing andropause. In effect, despondency in older men might become an indicator of male menopause rather than a possible indicator of social deviance. Physicians also play a direct and significant role in the medicalization of social experiences. In analyzing the doctor-patient interaction of medicalization, Kaw argues that medical professionals have medicalized racial features by encouraging cosmetic surgery among Asian American women, for example, in order to avoid the stereotypical physical features of small and slanty eyes that are often associated with passivity, dullness and lack of sociability [Kaw, p 75]. Kaw asserts that plastic surgeons use medical terms to problematize the shape of their eyes so as to define it as a medical condition [Kaw, p 81]. Their use of technical terms and expressions should be questioned, especially since the power of such language influences Asian American women to pursue cosmetic surgery, when it is not necessary [Kaw, p 82]. Analogously, the Endocrine Society medicalized testosterone deficiency by defining it as Andropause; this helped perpetuate the notion, among older individuals, that if the y lack sexual drive or sense depression and fatigue, they should seek medical attention because they are experiencing an acute medical condition rather than a stage in the physiological cycle. The role played by the health care structures in medicalizing conditions is enhanced by that of the pharmaceutical industry. In order to achieve implementation of a drug in the market, the medicalization of a problem is critical [Conrad, p 111]. Once a medical definition for male menopause was established, the pharmaceutical company further medicalized the problem by launching strong advertisement campaigns aimed at older men and physicians alike, so as to popularize the drug among the general public and medical community [Groopman, 2002]. In a  Time  magazine advertisement, the industry appealed to the emotions of older men by linking low sex drive to the decline of testosterone levels rather than to a life process [Groopman 2002]. In this manner, the pharmaceutical industries profit based ideology facilitates the medicalization of testosterone deficiency by popularizing conditions that may be exceedingly common among health product consumers. Medicalization also changes patients ideologies of biomedicine and leads them to believe that biomedicine must not only offer cure for illnesses, but also offer life enhancements. Similar to the way that impotence and hair loss was medicalized by promoting drugs like Viagra to enhance sexual performance, and solutions like Rogaine for hair re-growth, male menopause has been medicalized because it causes low sex drive among other general symptoms [Groopman, 2002]. As a consequence, older men will opt to not only seek but demand life enhancements achievable through medicine disregarding the fact that such treatments can be detrimental to health. In fact, Groopman states that known side effect of testosterone therapy include abnormal enlargement of the breasts, testicular shrinkage, congestive heart failure and enlargement of the prostate gland [Groopman, 2002]. Medicalizing a problem can be harmful and deadly, yet medical professionals perpetuate this dangerous behavior by medicalizing conditions that patients may seek to treat for their personal wellbeing It is important to realize that medicalization is not merely the result of medical imperialism but rather the interactive process that involves society and the health community; [Conrad, p 115]. It includes patients and doctors alike. Nonetheless, awareness of the mechanisms by which the medical community affects society is important because medicine pertains to all health consumers. Male menopause only serves as one of the many examples of life experiences that have become medicalized by the healthcare community. Concluding this essay, the concept of medicalization started with the medical dominance which involved the increase of medicines influence and labelling over things regarded as normal life events and experiences. However in recent time, this view of a submissive lay populace, in thrall to expansionist medicine, has been challenged. As a consequence, as we enter a post-modern era, with increased concerns over risk and a decline in the trust of expert authority, many sociologists argue that the modern day consumer of healthcare plays an active role in bringing about or resisting medicalization. Furthermore Such participationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦can be problematic as healthcare consumers become increasingly aware of the risks and uncertainty surrounding many medical choices. Moreover the emergence of the modern day consumer not only raises questions about the notion of medicalisation as a uni-dimensional concept, but also requires consideration of the specific social contexts in which medical isation occurs (Ballard and Elston 2005). In addition they suggest that as we enter a post-modern era, conceptualizing medicalisation as a uni-dimensional or as the result of medical dominance primarily is insufficient.

Ethical Dilemmas of Genetic Prenatal Screening Essay -- Genetic Testing

One of the questions that has recently plagued me has been that of which is about the genetic structuring of our offspring. I ask myself, will we able to choose the physical features our child? If so, do we as a society think this will be an ethical practice? Perhaps, scientifically, this might be entirely possible, but law will most likely restrict it. An article written by Frederic Golden helped me draw some understanding on this hot topic. Golden commences his article with a brief story of a mother and father who have been through prenatal testing. They tested for Down syndrome and an inheritable neuromuscular disease. While it was a straightforward procedure that was deemed valid by their doctor, Blue Cross (their insurance provider) refused to pay the bill, even though it was only $300. â€Å"It often opens up a Pandora’s box of questions that tear not only into pocketbooks but our psyches: What if the news from a test is bad? Or ambiguous? Should the fetus be aborted? Or should the child be brought into the world in hopes that a cruel disease can be managed or cured? And w... Ethical Dilemmas of Genetic Prenatal Screening Essay -- Genetic Testing One of the questions that has recently plagued me has been that of which is about the genetic structuring of our offspring. I ask myself, will we able to choose the physical features our child? If so, do we as a society think this will be an ethical practice? Perhaps, scientifically, this might be entirely possible, but law will most likely restrict it. An article written by Frederic Golden helped me draw some understanding on this hot topic. Golden commences his article with a brief story of a mother and father who have been through prenatal testing. They tested for Down syndrome and an inheritable neuromuscular disease. While it was a straightforward procedure that was deemed valid by their doctor, Blue Cross (their insurance provider) refused to pay the bill, even though it was only $300. â€Å"It often opens up a Pandora’s box of questions that tear not only into pocketbooks but our psyches: What if the news from a test is bad? Or ambiguous? Should the fetus be aborted? Or should the child be brought into the world in hopes that a cruel disease can be managed or cured? And w...

Bakkhai :: Classics

Bakkhai - Pentheus did not die within the house but his remains are taken inside at the end - Bacchic dancing is the ‘imitation’ of nymphs, Pans, sileni and satyrs; a form of mimesis - Dance as an aid to the spectators and pictorial clarification; complex metres of danced choral lyric vs. simple rhythms of sung lyrics, suggesting this complexity with its ‘resolutions, contractions and shifting rhythms, was first made possible by the interpretative power of dance - After Pentheus has departed for the mountains, the mood of the persecuted Lydian Bacchants is one of vengeance// strophe-refrain-antistrophe-refrain-epode - Refrain calls for Justice to kill Pentheus, and the epode calls upon Dionysus to manifest himself in his true form; strophe visualizes scene on Mount Citihaeron, while antistrophe is a credo of the chorus - Dominant metre is dochmiac (short long long short long), a metre associated with intense excitement - Strophe and antistrophe can be described in four movements: move within A from Pentheus to the vision of Agave, and within her from Pentheus to the vision of the chorus; correspondences are mimetically precise 1. Lines 1-5 Strophe evokes the hounds of Madness running to the Bacchants in the mountain and biting Pentheus; Pentheus in female garb starts to spy. Antistrophe evokes Pentheus going to the Bacchants on the mountain with a mad resolve, the madman attempts the impossible. The movement depicts running, the Bacchic orgy, and Pentheus’s madness. 2. Lines 6-8 Strophe represents Pentheus being seen by Agave. Antistrophe is syntactically obscure but is concerned with the idea of divine punishment. The movement represents a human being watched by someone stronger than a human, and the focus shifts from watched to watcher. 3. Lines 7-9 Strophe represents in direct speech the shout of Agave that someone has came. Antistrophe represents creed of the chorus ‘I reject rationality. I enjoy in the hunt. Other, greater, clearer things†¦ This is a public declamation about something seen, and the gestural action is deictic. 4. Lines 10-12 Strophe, Agave pronounces this is no human but is of a lion or a Gorgon. In antistrophe, the chorus conclude that they will reject an unjust way of life and reverence the gods. The focus shifts from what is seem in the vision: common humanity is contrasted with the divine or demonic - There is no way that an audience could grasp the intended symmetry without the medium of dance, which generalizes the concrete narrative of the strophe and concretizes the abstract lang of the antistrophe in order to draw action and thought together Idea of illusion Inside/outside * Tragic process puts insistent pressure on the faced of the masculine self in order to bring out that insistent pressure on

Hacking :: Essays Papers

Hacking Computer hackers in today's world are becoming more intelligent. They are realizing that people are constantly developing more hack-proof systems. This presents the hackers with a bigger challenge and a bigger thrill. The government is realizing this and is working on making harsher laws to, hopefully, scare the potential hackers. With the increase in hacking and hacker intelligence, governmental regulation of cyberspace hasn't abolished the fact that it's nearly impossible to bring a hacker to justice. Kevin Mitnick, a hacker who has yet to have a harsh punishment when caught, can somehow lower his punishment for his hacking crimes down to a couple months probation. When Kevin was seventeen, he was caught for breaking into a phone center in Los Angeles. He was tried and sentenced to three months stay in a juvenile detention center and a year probation. Kevin is a very intelligent man. He could use his computer skills in a good way by stopping other hackers. He didn't, so he faced the law many times. In all those times, he never spent more than a year in prison (Shimomura 1). Kevin was also a Phreak; a phone freak. He studied the phone system. He soon knew how to make free phone calls from payphones and how to crash a system. Kevin Mitnick has yet to be harshly punished for these crimes, which are very numerous (Shimomura 1). Another major player in the hacking industry is an unidentified man, identified by his pseudonym, or nick-name, Deth Vegetable. His group of hackers, Cult of the Dead Cow (cDc), is one of the oldest hacker organizations still in effect today. He is the leader and founder of (Cult of the Dead Cow). Cult of the Dead Cow is a leading group in the hacking industry; another leader that has fun with what they do. (Vegetable 1). They are a notorious group of hackers who have a couple problems; one of which is drugs. At a convention that the cDc holds for "some of the most notorious hackers from around the world" (Vegetable 1), one of the members of cDc said "Drugs and hacking go hand-in-hand" (qtd in Vegetable 3). Deth Vegetable said "Taking Drugs is like hacking your brain" (qtd in Vegetable 3). This is the way hackers are, they have fun in hacking, and the more they hack, the more fun they have. "If hacking is taking an electro-chemical computing device and altering it for your own enhancement, then taking XTC [, a type of drug,] is doing the same for your brain.

Love Theme in Pride and Prejudice Essay

Love is the conquering theme in Pride and Prejudice. The love story between Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy gives rise to the theme that love can conquer over pride, prejudice, and even social hierarchies. Jane Austen uses the novel in order to propose that true love is precious and can conquer all things. Initially, Austen develops the theme by having love conquer Mr. Darcy’s pride. Mr. Darcy is at first cold and uninterested in the poor, socially inferior Ms. Bennet. He says, â€Å"She is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me† (Austen 31). He scorns the ball at Meryton, and says it’s a waste of his time (Austen 32). Mr. Darcy’s affections though begin to change after Elizabeth comes to Netherfield Park in order to take care of her sister, Jane. The narrator states at this time, â€Å"He really believed, that were it not for the inferiority of her connections, he should be in some danger† (Austen 159). Mr. Darcy, surprisingly though, extends an offer of marriage to Elizabeth; He just proposes with the constant mention of how he is of higher standing, in so many ways, and how that this match is against his better judgment. Even while humbling himself to the point of asking a middle class woman to marry him, pride still exudes from his mouth. Ms. Bennet, needless to say, declines. This spurning of his proposal humbles him to the point where he once again asks for her hand, and this time humbly. Austen shows love and affection subduing the proud Mr. Darcy humbling him to the point where he would happily marry a middle class girl of greatly inferior social standing, reputation, and wealth. Secondly, Jane Austen shows love conquering over Elizabeth’s prejudice. For the entire first half of the book, Elizabeth loathes Darcy and his social class. She finds him and his class snobbish, pretentious, and prideful. Elizabeth unrightfully believes rumors about him coming from the untruthful Wickham, and does not let Darcy defend himself against them. Elizabeth’s prejudice starts to subside though after Darcy’s marriage proposal and she gradually starts to trust and admire him, especially after Mr. Darcy’s servant Mrs. Reynolds’s speaks so kindly of him (Austen 755). Elizabeth Bennet’s love for  Darcy grew greatly the more knowledge she gained about him, which coincidentally destroyed Elizabeth’s prejudice. Lastly, Elizabeth and Darcy break down huge social barriers in their marriage. This is seen in no greater of a way than in the confrontation between Elizabeth and Lady Catherine de Bourgh. The old lady cannot stand the fact that her well-groomed nephew wants to marry a poor pauper girl. She warns Elizabeth that if she were to marry Darcy that he would soon become the â€Å"contempt of the world† (Austen 1108). And not only does Mr. Darcy’s class object to the pairing, but Elizabeth’s own mother and father do not think it is possible that their daughter to marry that high into the social order (Austen 1173). The only reason this couple would have gotten together is love, and Austen is showing that love can overcome societal barriers. In conclusion, Jane Austen used the characters of Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet, to show that true love outshines social acceptability, and overcomes pride and prejudice.

Cashiering system Essay

Introduction In our generation so many things are different. The advent of technology has changed the way we live, work and spend leisure time. Computer was considered the lifeblood of society; people are everywhere. And the advancement in discoveries, both in hardware and software, keep coming, day in and day out. Technology changes and improves at a rapid pace and companies and institutions need to cope with it. This is because as the latest knowledge of development in computer technology grows people’s standard increase. people seek and crave for betterment and more efficient ways to accomplish tedious task. At the present time, people behind large and small companies adopt modern technology in order to survive and compete with markets demands. Also, through the use of this, different transactions and processing systems have become computerized for greater ease and accuracy. An automated cashiering system is any system where an input is provided and a machine or computer carries out a process that produces an output. A cashiering and student account system is a combination of software and hardware that receives call detail and service usage information, groups this information for specific accounts or customers, produces invoices, creates reports for management, and records (posts) payments made to customer accounts. 1.1 Background of Study Most institutions and establishments that researcher visit are using systems to easily cater the needs of the customers or clients. It will also provide a better service to its clientele. The system will properly accommodate the needs of the students and the parents in taking the statement of accounts. It will provide an accurate, fast and smart statement of accounts to students that are up-dated for the school administrator and the students. It will also provide students to view their own statement of accounts.  Cashiering and Student Account System has different features that would be a perfect aide for the students, school administrators, cashiers and parents as well. It can process payments and assessments of students. It can also view the remaining balance of students and can view the previous and present income collected in every department or courses. Administrators can modify the information of students and cashiers. Administrators can also monitor the user’s log, if who and what time the user (cashiers or students) used the system. Administrators can also view the history of payments and the remaining balance of students. 1.2 Statement of Objectives 1.2.1 General Objective The main objectives of this study is to design and develop an Automated Cashiering system and student account system in Madana Mohana Academy that will to make their recording fast, easy, updatable and accurate. Likewise accounting data becomes efficient with minimal accounting errors, to increase cashiering productivity. 1.2.2 Specific Objective A user-friendly computer system that can perform the following task: Develop a system that can give accurate records of the student financial records. Develop a system that can accept & calculate payments and let the user choose any particular. Print bills for individual account. Develop a system that generates accurate weekly, monthly, and yearly reports. Develop a system that Let the user allow to add, delete, and edit information. Develop a system that can store data in the database. Develop a system that let the admin to create an account. 1.3 Significance of the study Having an automated Cashiering system is not only significant for the institution but also for the employees and students as well. It is significant for the institution for all of their transaction are accelerated they can maximize the capability of their employees, they will have less  expenses, and having such system will boost their popularity. A system that accelerates transaction and automate developing of the cashiering & SAS will benefit the employees for they don’t have to waste their time recording, searching for records, writing reports, and all other manual staff therefore they can do their job at their best. It is significant for the students because they don’t have to waste time just to pay their bill and they don’t have to worry for their account because everything and all of their records are safe. 1.4 Scope and limitation Our project includes billing the students, accepts payments made, produces invoices, and creates reports for management. Our project is only limited to that transaction therefore any other system like enrollment and grading system is not included in this system. If you like to upgrade your system with that following, it will be another contract. Foreign Literature According to some inventors; An automated cashier apparatus, comprising a console having first and second compartments therein, said first and second compartments being separately and independently accessible; data entry means for accepting purchase information from a customer and data display means for displaying sale-related data to the customer; communication means for transmitting said purchase information to a remote order fulfillment means, said data entry and display means and communication means being mounted in said first compartment; means for accepting credit card purchase information; coin and currency acceptance, storage and dispensation means located in said second compartment, said second compartment comprising a tamper-resistant safe structure; said data entry and display means, credit card acceptance means and coin and currency acceptance and dispensation means being logically interconnected and controlled by microprocessor means comprising a primary microprocessor l ocated in said second compartment and a secondary microprocessor located in said first compartment, said primary microprocessor adapted to control coin and currency acceptance and dispensation and said secondary microprocessor adapted to perform order acceptance and display functions. Local Literature The Liberty Christian School is a Christian coeducational day school, named after Pastor Celis. It was established on November 28. The Liberty Christian manual enrollment and cashiering system was developed in 1993 and it’s unable to meet the growing demands for their students. Hence, it needs a re- engineering and introduce new modification for the system in accordance to the fast-changing technology. The new well – enhanced automated system of Liberty Christian School Enrollment and Cashiering System has begun this year during the second semester of 2007-2008. The new system of Liberty Christian School has improved to the unsatisfactory performance of the old system. The certain flow of our program is inputting the necessary information of the students and supply the correct output of the enrollment, and the selected accounts of the students. There are certain necessities that have been added in the system, like, a student could possibly be accelerated or dropped out from class due to failed subjects of which the student could have made up or summer classes within that year. Also, the students could promptly ask for an assessment of his/her subjects together with his/her accounts. There are typical problems of the system that has been established but because of this proposal the system is clarified and settled in some ways, such as records of students are easily updated and information are being retrieved accurately, Advancing Information Technology Research accounting data is efficient with minimal accounting errors. Also, it enhances cashiering productivity. 2.0 Review of related Literature and studies Cashiering and student account system has existed for a very long time, people has already been having transactions every day in their lives. But as the advancement of technology take over the way we live, people always seek to make things easier with the help of the machines or computer. That’s why programmers try to make everything automated to make our work easier. Methodology For developing this project we used the Systems development life cycle (SDLC). SDLC is a process used by systems analyst to develop an information system. The SDLC aims to produce a high quality system that meets or exceeds  customer expectation, reaches completion within times and cost estimates, works effectively and efficiently. SDLC can be described along spectrum of agile to iterative to sequential. But for this project we use the sequential, which is the waterfall. We used the waterfall as a guide follows its sequence of stages in which our output of each stage becomes our input for the next. These stages start with as planning, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. As we go on in this project we will follow this stages to derive in a successful system. Planning Our system analyst conduct series of research, visit the company, observe how their current system works, and interview many employee involve in the system as many as possible. In this phase, we aim to gather data, determined the problem, determine the cost, develop schedule, consider the need of the client, set goals and objective that will serve as a guide throughout this project. Analysis With the data gathered in the planning phase, we now use this data to make and information out of it. We will then provide solution with the problem we discovered. Describe costs and benefits and submit a preliminary plan with recommendation. We also try to communicate with the client and ask for their recommendations and how they would like their system to become. With the complete information our system analyst have gathered. She now discussed with the system designer and builders and explains everything on how the system will work. Design In this phase we now use the information and decision made in the analysis phase. Our designers job to make our project to have great user interface. We will show you the final design in the later page. Implementation This phase involved in installation, and testing the final system of course with the client’s approval. We also conduct training for the users of the system. Maintenance This is the last phase in the waterfall method; the system is already running in this phase. This phase is for some corrections and upgrades to expand the  systems capacities. When this phase is over our contract is done. But if the client request for additional function it will be an additional contract. 1.1 Requirement Analysis 1.1.1 Client/Customer Requirements By applying Agile modeling in developing our Information system, we developers observes how their current system work and conducted an initial interview. We then discuss on how we are going to upgrade their current system with the clarification with the limitations that the system that we will be making will only support student registration and accept some payment, then we are given some requirements from the client on how their system should be upgraded; Secure Data storage Password protected User-friendly Graphical User-Interface To be able to generate reports and transaction Handles payment Prints receipt 1.1.2 Performance Requirements 1.1.3 Functional requirements 1.1.4 Hardware Requirements 1.1.5 Software Requirements VISUAL BASIC.NET SQL DATABASE 2. Schedule of Activities 3. Logical Design 3.1 Entity-Relationship Diagram 3.2 Activity Diagram 3.3 Screenshots 3.4 Development 3.5 Testing 3.6 Deployment 3.7 Evaluation 3.8 Maintenance Plan 4. Result and Discussions 5. Conclusion And recommendation 6. Appendices 7. References http://www.gordonschools.aberdeenshire.sch.uk/Departments/Computing/StandardGrade/AutoSysWeb/1Introduction.htm http://www.gordonschools.aberdeenshire.sch.uk/Departments/Computing/StandardGrade/AutoSysWeb/2Advantages.htm http://www.ask.com/question/what-are-the-disadvantages-of-a-manual-system http://www.ask.com/question/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-manual-system http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_disadvantages_of_manual_systems http://www.studymode.com/essays/Related-Literature-1105941.html http://www.webgeekresources.com/ http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5183142.html 8. System Coding 3.0 4.0 Data Gathering Procedures and Output In our Data gathering since we decide to use the waterfall method we follow its phases to gather information. First, in our planning phase we search for a willing company to make their system automated, there we found the institution called Madana Mohana Academy who wants their cashiering system automated. To gather data we conduct a series of interview to the involved employee, we also ask for the management for their ideal system. After the  interview we observe how their current system works. Upon observing we notice many problems and we got an idea on what system we will develop. After the planning phase we move on to our analysis and so on. That’s how we gather data and came up with an output. 5.1 Company background Madana Mohana Academy is a private school own by Mr. George Bristol. It is a non-sectarian pro-life institution which means it is a vegetarian school bringing meat inside the campus is strictly prohibited. Its vision is to help the student to understanding their essence, position, and function as a human being, and there mission is extract the student’s full potential. MMA is a Hindu practice school. It’s been develop last 19forgoten which started as a preliminary school, but it’s been develop over the year and now they have secondary level and looking forward to be a college. MMA is a private school and has been supported by rich Hindus over the world. MMA is quite different from other school it’s like a training center. It discipline the students and guide them how to live in this world without being attach in it. Relationship with opposite sex are also prohibited. 5.2 Description of the System Cashiering and student account system is the heart of their system it is because it is where payments are made, confidential records are stored. Even though MMA has equipment and capable of having an automated system they stick to manual system because they lack the knowledge on how to get such system. They are used on having their financial system manually because they used to have less used to have less student, but now with the increasing number of students many problems occur. Billing and recording the payments of the students has been done manually, recording are put into a columnar journal, they divide the whole book and give space for each student, and receipts has been done manually by hand. As a result their employee consume all the time just by recording. As we observe, they surely need to automate their system and see the difference for themselves. 5.3 Agile modeling Diagram 5.5 Problem Areas As we observe how their system work we discover a lot of problems. With the increasing number of student they encounter many problems especially to their accounting department. It has become a problem to the institution, students, and employees. Having their system manually and records are put in a book they can’t avoid data loss, time consuming because they have to scan for the whole book just to find the particular student, prone to errors, require continuous monitoring to ensure that each transaction is accounted for, and the cost to maintain manual systems it is considerably higher due to the amount of manpower needed, Summarizing data and writing reports take lot of time, data duplication: the same data gets repeated over and over since the employees find it hard to keep track of the documents, information and transactions, lack of security: since data is stored in filing cabinets it is freely available to anyone, common errors: when entering data customers might have acc identally switched details and data since it is hand written, repetition of work: if there are any changes to be made, the data will have to be entered again. at times the worker would forget to make the changes or forget that they had already altered it and might redo it again, its again time consuming, too much paper work: since everything and every details is written down manually in paper there will be too much paper work!, space consuming: since the data and paper is stored in filing cabinets it consumes too much place, as the amount of work done on paper increases the filing cabinets too increases, slow retrieval of data: the information of students and details are stored in different parts of the record book and so takes a long time to retrieve the data. Those where the problems we discovered with just observing in a short period of time. 6.1 System Overview A School cashiering and student account system is a combination of software and hardware that receives call detail and service usage information, groups this information for specific accounts or Students, produces invoices, creates reports for management, and records (posts) payments made to customer accounts. It is also safe because it is encrypted with password therefore only admins are the only one allowed to log in. The back end of  the financial system periodically combines records from the bill pool to create a single invoice that is sent to the students. The payments are posted (recorded) in the system. This system is inexpensive to maintain and cost-effective to enhance. 6.2 Process Specification 6.2.1 Data flow Diagram Database 6.2.3 System Design/Specification User of the system is required to Log-in before he/she can access the system for confidentiality. This is the main window of the system. It compose with three main part which are the student list window, the preview window and the buttons. The student list window literally list all the student which shows the student current account. The preview window shows basic information of the student selected in the student list window. The last part are the buttons, each buttons has its own function and has its own window. This windows will accept payments from the student. It will appear when the user selected a student and click the pay button. This window will accept any payment. Each bill has its own code therefore the student can choose what bill and how much they will pay, when the user click the pay button, a receipt will be printed and the data is updated in the database. This is the user account form it will appear if the add user account button a child button of the add button. It is use to create user account that can be able to access the system.