Safeguarding the welfare of children

Parents with less money may also find it hard to afford the right food or not a lot of food which some children end up going to school with no breakfast this may lead to poor diet and health. B. Educated parents. If a child is brought up with well-educated parents this can take over a child's life this can have a big impact on their social life as the parents may have the child taking a lot of extra lessons for example piano lessons or dance lessons pushing them to be the best they may not realize that the child is emotionally and physically drained but not wanting to disappoint the child carries on.The child may feel left out in the fact that their friends are out enjoying life and having fun and they are missing out on heir childhood. The child may not be as intelligent as their parents and finding it hard or stressful that they are struggling with work because they don't want to fail their parents. A child with less educated parents may be struggling with school work or home work as their parents can't help them with studying they may also not care about the child's education because they may not have been brought up to care by their parents.C. Lone parent. A single working parent has less time for their child especially if they are siblings it ill be hard for them to give equal time to all children. This may affect the child's behavior as they may see this as an opportunity to take advantage of the situation they may bunk off school or start hanging around with the wrong crowd or Cumming in late. Emotionally this may leave them feeling left out and doing bad things such as thieving thinking this is the only way they can get your attention.They could start to fall behind at school because their parents aren't involved enough and not giving them the encouragement they need. The child may have also had to grow up quicker asking their own tea maybe dropping off and picking up siblings why the parent is at work meaning they don't have a social life because their caring for their brothers or sisters. The positive side to a working parent is that the child's education may be better like being in a private school, also the child more than likely doesn't go with out when it comes to new things for example clothes, laptop etc.A single parent on benefits may have all the time in the world for their children, giving the child less opportunity to bunk off school or fall behind with work but the child may be less ordinate when it comes to clothes and gadgets which may lead to the child being bullied and not fitting in socially with their peers this may lead to the child falling behind on work as they can't concentrate feeling like they don't want to be in school where these bullies are. B) Health A. Over weight.A child over weight through genetics not self-inflicted may struggle with day to day tasks such as struggling to get there selves dressed or even the simple task of going up and down stairs or doing pee at school. This may affect them emotio nally because asks are more difficult to do leaving them to feel self-conscious and upset, this may cause bullying affecting their social life as they may find it hard to go swimming or bike riding leaving them with not many friends. Their behavior may be that they are very quiet and sit away from everyone or they may act out and become the bully so they don't get picked on.Their parents may be supportive or they could be pushy towards the child to lose weight making the child feel like they have no one to turn to. B. Young career. A child looking after a parent may look strong on the outside but may feel very tired ND fragile on the inside struggling to cope but putting the brave face on as they love their parent and feels this is their duty. Their education may be falling behind as they are missing days off school or struggling to focus maybe falling asleep in class.Emotionally they maybe blank on the outside and not letting anyone in , but inside all they want is a brake to be a child with friends, socially they probably don't have many friends due to the fact that their missing school and when they are at home they can't go out because their caring for their parent. They may get bullied because they not play out with the other children and they pick up on the fact that the child is different to them affecting the child's behavior they may act out in frustration to release stress or Just shut themselves off from others.C. A child with disability. A child with a physical disability such as not being able to move will have all the emotion and intellect on how they feel and think but won't be able to show them physically. They will more than likely be at a special need school which will have group activities and learning methods tailored to their needs but they can't do every says task such as getting dressed or feeding themselves. This will be emotionally frustrating for the child knowing what they want to do in their head but can't act it out physically.Soci ally they may have special groups they can go to but they won't be able to go out and do every day things like other children. This may leave them to act out by shouting and showing their angry through facial expressions. A child with a mental disability might not understand how to behave if their withdrawn and don't communicate with family or friends. Or they act out with anger shouting and being hysterical towards others. Intellectually they may struggle to learn anything as they don't have the ability or find it hard to remember or focus.They will also more than likely go to a special need school which they will have learning tailored to their needs; they will be able to move around and play but may not understand the concept of games and group activities. Socially they may find it hard to play or communicate with others leaving it hard to have many friends. C) Environment. A. Deprived. A deprived area may have fewer amenities such as Just a corner shop. They may not have anythin g for children to burn some physical energy off for example a park, library or swimming facilities.This will affect the social behavior in this area such as vandalism, graffiti and theft. In deprived areas you may find that are different ethnic and religious families which may mean feuds or language barriers. Not having a library or other amenities may affect their intellect as they don't have the tools there to help them learn. B. Peer. As a child straight away you find that they make friends and become a group or gang hose friends can be from school or their estate they live on it can also depend on the ethnic origin or religion.Being with certain friends may lead the child to truant or drink and take drugs or it may come from their parents if they have friends round all the time drinking etc. Depending on your family or friends you may fall behind in work if they aren't committed to the work or committed to helping you with the study. C. Community. If a community doesn't have the right amenities for example a corner shop they may struggle to get groceries and bits if they can't afford to travel far, which may affect heir health or diet.Also if the community don't have a library with the computers or community centre the community would suffer because they wouldn't have the help to study and better their selves for a Job not many families have internet so these are a great help also this could affect their behavior and their intellect as they have nowhere to go to study or to take themselves away from gang culture etc. Not having a park or a swimming baths may affect their social behavior as there is nowhere for the children to go to hang out and play.

Byzantine and the Impact of Islam

Byzantine is a Roman empire or the empire of Greeks in the Middle East. The history of Byzantine is a continuous line from the latter centuries of Rome to the very beginning of the modern time. It’s about the culture of the Greece and Rome that has a unique cultural history based on synthesis of Roman, European and Islamic elements when it suffered three crisis of external invasion, internal civil war and economy that later made the administrative center less important. (Bury, J. B. 1989).The emperor of Byzantine Empire was Justinian who occupied territories by the Goths and the main occupants of the empire were Christians, but after the fall of Rome; Christians who were horribly persecuted by the Byzantines welcomed the Muslims conquerors with open arms just to tolerate their religion. (Barker, J. W. 1966) By the time justinian resigned Byzantine was in a financial crisis. Later Heraculius succeeded him. When the throne was assumed, a forty-year old Arab named Muhammad swept the streets with messages of Islam across the entire empire.At the end of his regime Muhammad’s message came to pass and Muslims armies emerged and started making raids into Byzantine territory in Syria and began to conquer the Persian territories. (Bury, J. B. 1989) Because of the disaffected populations of Christians and Jews who had been persecuted earlier, the Muslim quickly conquered Byzantine territories in the ninth century. Their victory did not last long because of the Islamic government under Caliph deteriorated and Byzantines started to dominate the Asia Minor and by the tenth century they reconquered most of Syria and became more powerful and influential again.The crusaders The Byzantines however saught help from the Europe against the Muslims conquerors. Europe decided to assist them despite their cultural differences as they shared a common religion with the Byzantines. In 1204 the crusaders attacked the city of Constantinople a goal that the Muslims had been tr ying to conquer for centuries and conquered the Muslims. In 1261 the Byzantine Empire ceased to be an empire and was known as a small kingdom that later in 1453, the Constantinople city was permanently conquered by the Ottoman Turks and was renamed Istanbul.(Diehl, C. (1957) Byzantine Christianity Byzantine Christianity was a different religion from the Latin Christianity, what made it look different was the role of the emperor in matters regarding the faith. While for the Latin Christians the pope in matters of faith was almost solidified. Later the Byzantines inherited the roman idea and practiced a form of Christianity whereby theological authority was vested in the emperor. Through this theological authority it created a permanent breach in the world of Christianity between the west and the east.The breach was to produce iconoclastic controversy that the worship of images and icons was a sign of pagan belief. Only Christ and God should be worshiped this was angulated by Leo the saurian who had turned the tide against the Muslim in 717. The collapse of the Byzantine empire in 1453 saw the Russians believe that they were inheritors of the Byzantine empire and later began the roman empire. (Amis, R1995).Byzantium Empire and impact of IslamThe Byzantine Empire was able to survive for a period of time though not easily achieved through Heraculius some of the empires were kept together despite confrontation on the three sides of empire, and was able to save the empire from the Muslim. (Diehl, C. (1957) His effort worked but his 200,000 troops were killed and a lot of wealth lost during the war with the Persians. After the fight with the Persian he thought of rebuilding the empire but this was not to be as the empire was again attacked by another threat of Islam. The Muslims again got the opportunity to invade Persia and the Byzantine and this surprised both of them.The Persia and the Byzantine Empire did not have strength to fight back the Muslims attacks and th is paved way for Muslims to conquer the eastern provinces of the Byzantines. (Bury, J. B. 1989) The Muslims invasion in the empire weakened the internal division and many Christians wanted to keep their faith and always looked upon religious sects as heretics. Most of them who were persecuted to them life under Islam was good compared to Byzantines because Muslims did not look down upon other religion and this resulted to Muslims being welcomed to Byzantine Empire.Finally when Heraculius died the Muslim got opportunity to conquer the eastern provinces of Byzantine Empire. In the 14th and 15th centuries Islam was already being accepted by the Albanians and later it was in quick acceptance by other nations. . (Diehl, C. (1957) After the death of Mohammed Islam spread very fast and outside Arabia its spread was aided by various political upheavals. The long series of wars between the Byzantine and Persian empires is always credited for this fast spread in the near east especially after the triumph of the Muslims.The Byzantine Empire had the character of imposing Christianity on the population it conquered, for this reason the Syrians and the Egyptians resented and resisted the attempts made by the Byzantine Empire to impose Christianity on them. (Diehl, C 1957) Therefore when the Muslims came to these particular areas they were readily accepted to forestall any attempts that the Byzantine were trying to make, this led to the fall of Syria to the Arab armies to be followed soon by the fall of Iraq and Persia with Egypt falling in 640 AD with very little resistance.With this conquest Islam soon spread to most territories of the Near East and Africa. (Diehl, C. 1957) In the Byzantine Empire there was fierce fanaticism that included interdenominational strife and religious persecution amongst the Christians themselves, compared with the practice and the doctrine of the Islamic faith that tolerated other religions it endeared itself to others. For example the Byzantin es brutally attempted to suppress Christian sects who questioned the established Church.Also there was oppression of the peasants who were heavily taxed. The Empire also suppressed non-orthodox Christian teachings. Opposition to Islam after the conquest was weakened by the fact that under the Muslims, taxes were not very heavy like before and the non-orthodox Christian sects could now operate comfortably. (Diehl, C 1957) The spread of Islam in the better part of Middle East was made possible by Arab victories over Byzantine armies. The Byzantines were the major enemies to be encountered by the Aryans from the Arabian Desert.The encounter with the Byzantines was the first of many major battles between Muslims and Christians. It was Omar who acted as Caliph or head of the Moslem community in 634-44AD that initiated the fast expansion of the Arabs and Islam. Omar achieved the first great successes of Arab armies outside of the Arabian Peninsula when he conquered the Byzantine Empire ru led by the Emperor Heraclius. Omar's armies attacked Syria, seizing large areas. In 636AD at the Battle of Yarmuk the Byzantine Army were greatly humiliated by the Arabs when they defeated them.This saw the Arabs entering Jerusalem and Damascus in 638. It was during these period that it is believed Christianity replaced Christianity in this particular area as a result of the weakness of the Byzantine Empire. Arab rulers imposed a personal tax on all non-Muslims, which encouraged many to convert to the Muslim Faith. In the new Caliphate there was no forced conversions but happened later. At first the Arabs did not consider converting anyone because of the taxes they collected which provided great incomes.(Diehl, C 1957) Cultural and intellectual factor Islam as a religion does not recognize superstitions but is a simple and rational religion that emphasize on knowledge and learning. Through learning as the foremost priority to humankind the Islamic civilization spread through many co untries. The Muslim never destroyed things in middle east as the Christians in Spain what they did was to defend what was positive and eventually embrace it.Political and economic impactIslam was seen as a religion without any political and economic principles. However Islam preached a new concept of human relations avoiding nationalism and class divisions. Islam main concern and interest was humankind’s relations with God. Politically Islam perception was that the supreme power rests with God and equality before the law is a major principle of the political system. (Diehl, C. (1957) In Balkan nations, emergence of Islam was very important compared to the Byzantines Empire.Islam also emphasized on the economic aspect of life and this was clearly shown through justified ways of making profits, possession of property and not overspending and everybody must earn a living in an honest way. Islam came up with obligatory and voluntary laws that have played important roles in the ec onomic system of Islam. Before Islam spread to Balkan nation and Byzantine Empire people who lived there had some kind of social chaos but Muslims brought a new approach to the social lives of the Balkans.For example: Muslim women played a crucial part in the institution of family and were always considered equal in every aspect to her male counterpart. A woman is always the first to show kindness, love, and sincerity and educate. While for Christians, women are seen as devils instrument to harm or hurt people. (Diehl, C. (1957) When they conquered Byzantine Islam played a role in regulating the slavery and sanctioned better conditions for the slaves and even encouraged the prohibition of slavery.Islam also brought together the Middle East and came up with a common language known as Arabic and a common religion known as Islam. After all this positive impact of Islam in Byzantine Empire some of the rules set up are not applicable in the 21st century. At one time there were most power ful, rich and advanced people and today they have created four empires, which include Umayyad, Abbasid, Mogul and Ottoman Empire. Their decline can be traced to about 1700 when the west caught up with the Ottoman the great Muslim empire and started misinterpreting the Koran.(Amin, H. A. 1989).REFERENCESAmin, Hussein Ahmad (1989).The present state of the Muslim umma. Muslim World Amis, Robin (1995).A Different Christianity: Early Christian Esotericism and Modern Thought. Albany: Suny Press, Barker, John W. (1966).Justinian and the Later Roman Empire. The University of Wisconsin Press, Bury, J. B. (1989).â€Å"Roman Emperor from Basil II to Isaac Komnenos,† English Historical Review. 41-64 & 251-286. Diehl, Charles. (1957).Byzantium: Greatness and Decline. Rutgers University Press.

Tourist Industry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Tourist Industry - Assignment Example Manipulation and Cooperation Twisting and distorting facts to make them appear more attractive. Coercion The applications of direct threats or force upon resisters. Effective Incentive Scheme Staff is unhappy with the arrangement of incentive scheme and tension is running high between the local management and the sales staff. Staff at Euro is also in competition with one another as the greatest amount of time saved per month by an individual globally, is rewarded with a cash payment. DIRECTIONS: Euro Travel in such a case should setup its own incentive scheme, which can produce effective results by keeping the following results in consideration. Communicate goals Communicate what you are doing and why is crucial to success. Everyone needs to know what the goals are and what are the rewards for achieving those goals. Know your objectives There is no point implementing an incentive scheme just because everyone else is. Establish what aspect of your business you are trying to improve, be it product knowledge, absenteeism rates, customer satisfaction or retention rates Convince the board If you have got the objectives right, know what you want to do, why and how, then winning the board over should not be too hard. Consult with staff As such schemes are all about staff participation, it makes sense to get them involved at the beginning. Find out what would motivate them to work harder or please more customers. Maintain momentum Management needs to keep banging the drum and alerting employees to any results, new targets or rewards. It needs to become part of the company culture. Make it pertinent This ties into ensuring the rewards are appropriate. Different departments or locations will probably have different objectives, so you need to...Staff at Euro is also in competition with one another as the greatest amount of time saved per month by an individual globally, is rewarded with a cash payment. There is no point implementing an incentive scheme just because everyone else is. Establish what aspect of your business you are trying to improve, be it product knowledge, absenteeism rates, customer satisfaction or retention rates Staff feels that their needs at work are not being met and that there is too much "clock watching" by themselves and managers. They are dissatisfied not just by the incentive scheme but also by poor management. Due to war against Iraq the hotels from Paris to Rome to Berlin have seen a drop in reservations and anticipate a greater slowdown, in peak tourism season. This is due to fears of global terrorism and economic gloom in many parts of the world. The drop in visitors is all the more damaging because the world's big spenders, the Americans and Japanese, top the list of those staying home. There has been an angry reaction in the South West to an independent report, which has suggested the possible introduction of a tourism tax. Malcolm Bell, the chief executive of South West Tourism, has described the proposal as "barking mad". Many businesses said such a tax would be costly to administer and would stop people visiting the area on holiday. The cases

DQ7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DQ7 - Essay Example For example, it is a common practice in business that the quotations or estimates submitted for a project tapped by the competitors using false means. They will utilize the information in the tapped documents for their advantages while submitting their quotations for the same project. In a highly professional business world such things may not be considered as a sin. But ethically it is not a good practice since such practices may result in unhealthy competition which will be harmful to the overall business activities. A company which follows strong ethical standards in their business will never go after such undercutting methods and we can conclude that normal decisions and moral decisions are entirely different in the current world in general and in the business world in specific. Morality is a social invention which is essential for the sustainability of a society. We cannot think of a society which is filled with immoral activities, survive for a long period. For example, if robbery is legally allowed in a society to tackle poverty, what will happen? Thus moral decisions are always different from the rational decisions. Information is one of the main segments of an organization. It is often said that man, material, machine and money (4M’s) are the four major components required for the smooth functioning of an organization. In fact information is equally important with the above mentioned 4M’s of business. Like all the other resources of an organization, information of a company needs to be protected well for the business growth. It is easy for the competitors to devise strategies well in advance to counter the innovative and challenging business strategies of an organization, if the secret information of the company leaked via the managers or some other employees of the organization. The managers have a variety of the information regarding the future plans of an organization. It is necessary to keep such information as secrets for the well

To what degree was the American war an independence war Essay

To what degree was the American war an independence war - Essay Example Many colonists migrated from Great Britain to gain independence and to seek their own personal freedoms that the King George III clearly neglected. The desire to colonize the new world generally meant more liberation and strong urgency of independence (â€Å"Boston Tea Party†). Another root cause of the American Revolutionary War was the colonial legislatures that were enacted by the King The enactment of these laws meant that that the colonies continued to be pass laws and pay taxes to atone the sins of the Great Britain. Tom Paine’s in his literary work the â€Å"common sense† described King George as a â€Å"royal brute.† King George III can be considered an â€Å"unfit leader† in many aspects. First and foremost is the fact that he used the colonist’s tax money to fund his poor decisions as a King but also to pay for his son’s misfortunes (Meyer 12). Hence, the colonist fought the revolutionary war to ooze the ideals of Democracy a nd to break away from the traditional suppression of the king. What political tasks did Mao assign the red army? Mao as a leader was very disciplined and organized. Hence, he assigned many political tasks for his army to conduct in an efficient manner. One of the primary focus of Mao was to incorporate superior strategies to defeat the Nationalists in civil war. Thus, propaganda became a crucial factor. Moreover, he wanted to create a strong sense of discipline in the army that can incorporate his agenda from higher lever to a lower level. His intention was to concentrate on the ills of the country itself and use himself as a positive and confident leader. Moreover, Mao wanted the red army to be extremely organized and collaborative. His idea of network branched beyond the traditional methodology (Abbott 19). Mao also wanted to speed up the economic growth as the industrial development and agriculture was launched. Since Mao and Stalin did not trust each other, China became under th e strong control of Mao himself. The Red Army of China became his face of power throughout most of his military career. What was worse was the fact that the Red army excelled in blackmail tactics under his supreme command. If any individual was to protest against Mao’s rule, he or she would be indefinitely executed. These type of tactics were adapted from Stalin and Hitler that Mao utilized to implement in his red army. Although later in career, Mao’s leverage over the army was lost, his army continued to have a strong alliance with Russia. His intention was not to rebuild China but utilize his power to compile an efficient army that can assist him during his need (Abbott 13). In essence, Mao’s power manifested itself into the red army and became the embodiment of power, confidence, control and leverage for him. What were the key organizational and strategic problems of the US Army in the years immediately after the Vietnam War? The aftermath of the key organiza tional and strategic problems of the US Army were numerous. One of the key organization problems that Americans had was to establish themselves in the international sphere. Another strategic problem that posed for the Americans was the fact that they lost key position in the spheres of containing communism. The mere idea that communism will continue to thrive in Asia served as a huge threat to United States. Without a doubt, the Vietnam was an ideological

Ethical Issues in Business IP Week 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical Issues in Business IP Week 5 - Essay Example Another vital aspect of ethics in business is ensuring safety in the workplace. Based on the fact that employees are major resources in any company, employers should take initiatives to safeguard them from high temperatures, poor ventilation, fire and poor lighting. In this way, illnesses that may increase the rate of absenteeism will be significantly reduced. Introduction As businesses engage each other in a stiff competition, some employers have taken initiatives to enhance the payments of their employees and senior managers as a way of retaining them and improving their productivity. However, some managers have little or no concern of the welfare of their employees thus rising the question of how much are investors willing to emulate ethics in the work places. One of the major ethical concerns is the amount of compensation and benefits provided to their employees and their immediate family members. In the same way, safety in the work places is a key issue that employers should not overlook. In this regard, I have chosen the topic of ethics in compensation of the employees and safety in the work places as a way of ensuring that employees are fairly treated in the work places. Similarly, my target audience is the employers and the investors who are focused at increasing their profits at the expense of their employees. ... Wages and benefits To ensure that employees remain loyal towards their companies, employers have major role to play of ensuring that salaries and benefits paid to their workers are sustainable and motivating. One of major issue that creates poor relationship between the employees and the employers is the high compensation paid to the executives while other employees are not taken into consideration. Majority of employers have various options about the amount of compensation and wages that is paid to their employees. For example, some companies believe that the mandated minimum salaries by the federal government are sufficient to maintain their employees (Robbins & Judge, 2007). In the same way, some employers believe they are at liberty to pay anything to the workers and as such employees should take any job regardless of the wages they receive. Investors should ensure ethics are upheld in their companies by providing flexible benefits. Some of the major benefits that a firm should g ive their employees include health insurance, paid vacations, training, paid sick leaves as well as retirement benefits among others. Additionally, employers should ensure flexible working hours to ensure that their employees address private matters that may affects the concentration of the workers thus reducing their productivity (Resnik, 2009). To develop professional abilities of their employees and make them focused on achieving their goals as well as those of the entire company, managers should apply advancement programs. Such programs should be undertaken during annual leaves or in the evenings after work. To ensure adequate compensation and flexible

Hearing impairment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Hearing impairment - Essay Example There are various reasons that cause deterioration in the level of education among indigenous Australians. Implementation of effective methods can raise the level of education among such people. It is also essential to identify the cause of hearing impairment and appropriate preventive measures should be adopted to manage the prevalence of this disorder. There are several policies and strategies implemented by the government to increase the level of education among the indigenous Australians with hearing impairment. In the past 30 years a lot of efforts have been made to increase the level of education among the indigenous Australians with hearing loss. There are various policies and strategies implemented by the government and the non government organization to curb this issue of education among such people. In spite of it, there still needs to be considerable progress made in the level of education among the indigenous population of Australia. The difference in the level of education among the two sections of the community in Australia affects its literacy rate. A study has revealed that 20 percent of the indigenous students meet the reading standards while 30 percent of them meet the righting standards. About 70 percent of the non-indigenous students meet both the righting and reading standards [Cronin, 2001]. One of the major causes of this difference is hearing impairment among the indigenous population of Australia. About 11 to 60 percent of the indigenous students suffer from hearing loss [Prevention of hearing impairment from chronic Otis media, n. d]. Australia's dominant culture, cultural misunderstanding and prejudices, family background and socio-economic status also attribute to lower level of education among such people. [Cronin, 2001]. The education process existing due to the racial discrimination between the indigenous and the non-indigenous population of Australia also has its implications on education of the indigenous population. Due to this racial difference sometimes, the teachers do not respond well to the needs of indigenous students. However, the major cause of concern is the hearing impairment that persists in this section. Hearing impairment is most prevalent among the indigenous population present in the central and northern Australia. This is mainly caused due to chronic Otis media. The risk factors that lead to this disease are overcrowding and exposure to wood, cigarette smoking, poor hygiene, inadequate housing, and high rate of naso pharyngeal colonization with pathogenic bacteria, Eustachian tube dysfunction, inadequate and unavailable health care [Prevention of hearing impairment from chronic Otis media, n. d]. Poor hygiene is also a main cause for several types of ear diseases which in turn leads to hearing impairment. It generally occurs during childhood, which is the most crucial stage in a person's development. A large percentage of the Australian children suffer from ear infection, which subsequently leads to hearing loss. Most of the infants have perforated eardrums. Hearing impairment affects the overall developmental activity of a child. The nerve between the inner ear and the temporal cortex of the brain is essential for the growth and development of speech and language in children. The language and numerical ability of such children retards due to

Martin Luther King and Henry David Thoreau Essay

Martin Luther King and Henry David Thoreau - Essay Example Martin Luther considered conscience as an important aspect in distinguishing between just and unjust laws. Conscience enables a person to differentiate between laws that should be obeyed and laws that should be defied. Thoreau had similar views concerning conscience as the basis of determining just and unjust laws. Conscience is the notion of right and wrong according to the moral of a given society. The writer also argued that majority rule or democracy is not a basis of justice (Jacobus 12). According to Thoreau, majority rule is incomparable to human conscience in distinguishing between just and just laws. However, Thoreau considers that majority rule or democracy should be applied as a last resort. The majority rule should therefore be applied in places where other mechanisms such as human conscience cannot be applied. The positions taken by the two authors concerning just and unjust laws are similar. However, martin Luther bases his conscience on moral law or the notion of right and wrong according to the law of God. Although the two writers had different basis for differentiating between just and unjust laws, they had similar views on how a person should handle both the just and unjust laws. Just laws are beneficial both to the subject and the nation, obeying such laws is not only a legal duty but also a moral responsibility. Martin Luther considered laws that uplift human personality to be just laws while those that degrades human personality to be unjust laws. Thoreau also had similar views concerning just and unjust laws. According to the writer, just laws are beneficial to the people while unjust laws were of no benefit to the people. Unlike martin Luther, Thoreau’s arguments concerning human conscience, unjust and just laws were based on the insufficiency of democracy or the rule of the majority. Thoreau used the weakness in democratic

To what extent does a social phenomenon, like the 2008-to-present Essay

To what extent does a social phenomenon, like the 2008-to-present economic recession, influence or cause health behaviors - Essay Example A personal experience with regard to the effect of the economic crisis on health behaviors provided me with a clear picture of this issue. I still clearly remember when a friend’s father lost his job and the stress of tough financial conditions almost drove him mad. He worked in a clerical position at a factory that went bust during the recession in 2009. My friend had two younger siblings, who were 4 and 8 at the time. And like all children, they too wanted to have the same things that everyone else their age at school had. And thanks to the gadget race these days, children do want a lot then they used to. There is the Xbox, the Sony PlayStation and of course, the latest offerings from Apple to drive everyone wild with consumerism. Pair that up with an empty pocket and a mounting sense of despair and helplessness, and anyone would go out of their mind. My friends dad drunk himself to oblivion, but thank fully he was rescued after family and friends recognized the signs of dep ression. Others may not be so lucky. Economic distress has a direct relation to mental and psychological problems, as I have witnessed around me over the past few years. It is conventionally believed that health-related behavior usually deteriorates during economic recession. But interestingly, research shows an altogether new picture. It seems that when economy weakens, the mortality rates also go down and physical health improves. This cannot be said about mental health as evidenced by the sudden rise in suicide rate. According to recent research, a 1 percent increase in unemployment rate leads to a 0.3 percent to 0.5 percent decrease in the number of deaths (Ruhm, 2009). There can be several reasons for this phenomenon. First of all people do not get to drive (to and from work etc) and as a result decreasing car accident related deaths. Interestingly, there is also a substantial decrease in the number of heart attacks. This risk is perhaps the most reactive to the changes in

Marketing, target market report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing, target market report - Essay Example The segmentation theory is a part of economics that relates to the yield curve of a finance sector. In other words, they cannot replace each other in any form. This creates a specific amount of investors for both the long and short tem markets. The result of this affects the interest rates in a market. The long and short term supply is both adversely affected (Mishkin & Eakins). Thus, each of these markets is functioned and is determined at an independent level. Another aspect of this is the reliability it places on short term investments. Each investor has a fixed maturity preference. Because of the investors' preference over the liquidity of their stock, they prefer to choose the short-term investments that determine them. This creates a greater demand for short term investments in the market. The geographic segmentation of an item is essential in the market. Not only does it determine the identical trends within a group of international markets but it also identifies the factors the influence their buying trends. The Xbox 360 is an object that created a great deal of excitement and fervor in Australia. With a website of its own, it was the ideal location for sale amongst the varied age groups in this country. This is evident in the company opening up a website created specially for this continent (Xbox.com). This website is dedicated solely to the markets in Australia. It controls and harnesses the consumers who are interested in buying the product within this region. This country is still part of the British Commonwealth which induces many of its facets and tastes to run according to the British market. It is for this reason that the Xbox 360 owners considered it an essential market in their grid. With a high economy, literate population and number of buyers, Australia was the perfect geographical segment for this product to launch itself. Demographic Traits According to the demographic segmentation, the division of the population is vital for catering to a specific market of consumers. Australia commands an exact population of 21,895,808 people according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics. This is a huge audience for the Xbox 360 to cater to which makes it evident why the brand has moved here. Also, the age structure of this population has made it vital for this gaming console to enter this market. With a population of around 70% of individuals falling under the age bracket of fifteen to sixty, this Xbox played a winning move by moving into this crucial market (Year Book Australia). This gaming console is perfect for individuals who fall under the age of those apt at buying and using this product. The Xbox 360 is a game that is a chosen preference for the male population. With an equal division of males and females in Australia it is profitable for the console to enter this market. The economy of Australia is also sufficient enough for its individuals to afford to buy this product. This makes it the perfect demographic market for the Xbox 360. Psychographic Traits The psychographic traits of Australia assist

The Organizational Change Essay Example for Free

The Organizational Change Essay A. What is organizational change? Organizational change is a term used to describe a total overhaul of an organisation. This refers to a big scale changes to suit the current change in needs. There are many reasons. Sometimes there is need for an organisation to curb challenges arising like neck to neck competition, retrenchments or massive lay offs. It may also involve new changes in technology and an organisation might want to adopt or re-fix the new structure in their work places. All this will affect the working operations and environment of an organisation. Organizations sometimes might find need to merge with other related organisation this will force both organisation to restructure (McNamara, 2008). Basic Context for Organizational Change An extreme markets battle has forced many organizations to adopt many ways to survive. An organization might have been offering quality services or rather substandard services hence need to adopt modern technology. This cannot be done without know how, it requires in depth information about how and how effective the change will be. Organizational change can be very expensive, some organization are on favor for minimal changes as they review the effect of the new change. These small changes act as stepping stones for more changes to come for instance lay offs; this is a very costly assignment to an organization. It is important to learn that organizational change requires lots of funding (Darby Mcglynn, 2000, p13). Though this can bring desirable transformation, it is a painful undertaking especially where finance is concern. At the end of the day an organization should evaluate its achievements brought about by the big change Organization change is a very technical procedure; it requires intellectuals, skilled person or specialist who has an insight understanding about the running, management and all other that pertain administration. The entire running and management will be approached very differently of an organization. It entails new procedures and regulations to be followed by the organization’s management and entire work force (Darby Mcglynn, 2000, p13). Every organizational change presents new vision and approach. Accomplishment of the targeted goals and result is now viewed in another perspective; this is because the change might come up with new challenges. The duties and roles of every individual worker changes, others might be absorbed hence need for everyone involved to specialize on ones best subject. It’s noteworthy to learn that every each organizational change shakes all the running of an organization from the top level to bottom and bring new sense of direction. After organization change is accomplished efficiency should be expected and redundancy eliminated (Darby McGlynn, 2000, p. 13). B. Forces for and resistance to organizational change  Organizational change is viewed as a life circle and every organization should undergo in order to survive both internal and external pressures. It is very fundamental given other forces surrounding the change are put into account. Emergence of new technology can compel an organization to embrace and adopt, for the benefits and betterment of an organization. Computerization of an organization’s department is a perfect example of technology changes especially those which have been carrying on their duties manually Such office automation comes with more efficiency and reliability in executing duties (Darby McGlynn, 2000, p13 ). Another example is the introduction of automated teller machines by banks, despite their cost they are accurate and efficient s compared to bank clerks. In that connection it can led a bank into providing more products and services to their clients and customers, competitiveness needs for more supply in the market, change of services products. For any organisational change to take place it need profound consultation in relation to the targeted results. Its result and final achievement should be tangible and convincing (McNamara, 2008). C. Evolutionary and revolutionary change in organizations  Evolutionary change The change within the organization should be successful and constant such that it does not arouse any massive upheavals within and without the organization. Major development and progress in any organization is dependant on the degree of change in the new ideas and how the affected react to it. The organizations need to check at what their users want and supply them appropriately. The use of the collective intelligence and social networking within the organization is evolutionary since it encourages the blending of different good ideas towards the progress of the organization. Exploration of complex situations and involving everybody to participate intermsof decision making is also evolutionary to an organization (Casey, 2008). Attracting people to your vision as a manager within an organization plays a very important role in persuading them to buy into your outcome products, since this will give them a since of feeling that their contributions are very appreciated. Initiatives are the best way to introduce implement and institutionalize deliberate and on-going renewal. The involvement of many people in operational problem solving evolves to Participative Management Problem which is a profit sharing program that increases productivity and employee involvement across the board (Miraglia, 1994). For the renewal of any organization it calls for the organization to improve on its response to customer needs and increase its willingness to experiment with multi-function structures and teams which are led by entrepreneurial spirit. The management layers also need to be scrutinized and reduced and the ineffective functions scrapped off. Determining better ways of pushing responsibilities to every section of the organization without any inconvenience is evolutionary. The creation and continuation of complex activities like efforts in training and quality management processes brings better changes to an organization. This calls for the keeping of simultaneous changes to move in relationship to each other rather than in isolation (Casey, 2008). Revolutionary Change The organizations don’t look to their users in order to try and adjust on what users are willing to adapt to on a large scale. The situation by which most organizations only look for the way to sell out their big products without considering the taste of the consumers is revolutionary since they force the consumers into doing new things they are not comfortable with. The abrupt introduction of or addition new technology within the organization is sometimes very disruptive since it will require quite a bit of training which will consume sometime to allow for adjustment (Miraglia, 1994). The time taken by the organization to sell out its ideas sometimes can be longer. This can be due to disagreements across the decision making board which delays the implementation processes. Within any organization the implication for the Human resources need to seen as not only just to preserve and teach old lessons, vocabulary and assumptions but also to lead in the change processes, development of versatile models, teaching and encouraging new vocabulary and also be at the forefront of the encouraging continuous learning and sharing of knowledge The critical business issues like entrance into emerging markets and new product development pose a revolutionary change into the organization. The competition by related organizations also poses a challenge (Miraglia, 1994). D. Managing the Organizational Change Since an organization is a group or an association made by people who come together with different thoughts and opinions with an aim of achieving certain goals, therefore an organization is made up of individuals and in order for organizational change to be successful; there are different principles which should be considered. First an individual has got to achieve personal change which gives a positive approach to the change by applying it. Thoughtful planning and implementing sensitivity is another crucial principle to boost the organizational change. Consultation and involvement of the individuals affected by the organizational change is important since forcing of changes to an individual will cause problems (Kotter, 2002). The organizational change must be real, measurable and also achievable. These characteristics are relevant in the management of individual changes. Before the commencement of organizational change management, there are questions which are supposed to be taken into consideration. Organizational achievements, why, and how will an organization know if it has achieved the changes. Who the changes have affected and their reactions, how much of the change can be achieved and what parts of the change which are needed with help. These features are in strong relation to the management of the Organizational change (Kotter, 2002). For proper management, change needs to be understood and managed in such a way that people can successfully cope with. The director is the settling pressure. The affected organization or individuals need to agree with the change, understand the need for change and also be given a chance to decide on how the change will be managed and also they should be involved in the application and planning of the change (Kotter, 2002). Confronting each other is the best way to undertake susceptible issues of organizational change management. People or employees need to encourage their, manager to talk face to face to them if they are of help to the manager in managing the organizational change. Sending mails through internet and writing notices are the weakest ways of communication and enlargement understanding. If there is urgent change to be made in an organization, the reasons should be investigated and also its urgency is real. Also their needs to be consideration if the consequences of accepting the rational time-frame can be more devastating rather than taking control over the unsuccessful change. Fast changes in organizations avoid proper consultations and involvement and these leads to complications and more times is consumed when it comes to solving the issues (Kotter, 2002). For successful management for an organizational change, top management in an organization should be involved. This brings out reliability, ideas and expressiveness from the champions. Change is achieved when carried out as a group. The change representative always has a role of carrying out translation of the vision to a practical plan and also carries out the plan. Change communication is required to be regular with all the affiliates of the organization. For change to be maintained, the organizations’ composition needs to be given an amendment by either making course of actions, guiding principles and also deliberate plans. Such kind of change in the constructions of an organization characteristically involves re-freezing process and an unfreezing change (Mc Namara, 2008). E. Organizational Development Organizational Development is a challenge which gives authority to the organizational members in order for expansion to take place in peoples’ openness with each other concerning their opinions of the association and their experiences in the organization. This encourages members to take greater accountability for their own deeds as members of the organization. In organizational development the assumption is that when people practice the purposes simultaneously, there is a likeliness of organizations finding out new techniques of working together and hence there is achievement of the organizational goals (Nielsen, 1984, pp2-3). The final thought of organizational expansion is that organizations are social arrangements. Their aim is to increase long term presentation and physical condition of the organization as well as to also improve lives of its associates. The organizational development loom stresses on organization background which manipulates the way people perform their duties using organizational change based on exploration and achievement (Toolpack Consulting surveys, 2008). By using planned modification based on research, there is increase in motivation, elimination of obstructions and easier change. The perfect is an organization where there is constant improvement which is rampant in a way that it is not expected as a proposal. Organizational Development, changes the performances, shared beliefs and values, of the organization by working with technical and social systems like incentives, communication, work processes and civilization (Toolpack Consulting surveys, 2008) Organizational Development assists an organization in authorizing leaders and individuals’ workers. It also creates a culture of constant improvement and arrangement around shared achievements. There is easier and faster change making. All the minds of the employees are put to task. Organizational Development also enhances momentum and quality of choices. There is also assistance by the Organizational Development in beneficial conflict making rather than negative. Also leaders are given more control over the outcome by giving workers more authority over how they do their tasks (Toolpack Consulting surveys, 2008). There are different benefits which the Organizational Development has achieved, they include satisfaction to its customers, individual feeling of success, and profits by reducing costs for non profits, improvement suppleness of the organization, they have also achieved effectiveness of the costs as well as living, occupation and employment satisfaction. Objectives of organizational development are observed in an organization where, the needs of the customers are always recognized and thought about by the managers and the workers, also people get remunerations for success instead of failure of innovation or creativity hence there is high improvement. The construction and processes are based on the present requirements rather than in the past needs hence there is efficiency and assistance offered to people (Tool pack consulting surveys, 2008). Also in an organization, organizational development s’ objectives are achieved when in an organization; there is constructive resolving and conflict treatment. Hence this is used for modernization with no suppression and lack of intrusion with efficiency. The system of rewarding strengthens the organizational wellbeing. Also open communication is encouraged in both imaginative and straight and hence all the appropriate feelings are distributed and due to this, people can learn from the experience. Decisions are required to be made by people with most related, express knowledge (Toolpack Consulting surveys, 2008). Conclusion Organizational Change is a very crucial feature which brings about wide change in any organization with the aim of assisting the organization achieves its goals strategically. Such changes include, restructuring of self managed teams, new technologies, collaborations, mission changing and also changing of the complete Management of Quality. Hence there is transformation of the organization. This designates essential as well as elementary orientation in the way that the association operates (Mc Namara, 2008). In order for this change to take place successfully, individuals play a very important role in the organization. Hence there opinions and achievements as well as there aims are very crucial and require to be put into consideration. And this will only be possible with the application of some principles which once put into practice; the change becomes successful (Kotter, 2002). Since communication is important to the success of any organizational change efforts, it is important for face to face communication since it is believed to be strong as compared to sending mails and notices. Motivation should be encouraged amongst the organization by rewards, incentives etc. Organizational Development is of great benefit to organizations since it brings about profits, satisfaction both at work and in life. Also goals are achieved due to the Organizational Development efforts (Tool pack Consulting surveys, 2008).

Materials of Logistics in Management Essay Example for Free

Materials of Logistics in Management Essay The efficiency of any manufacturing organisation depends on the availability of component parts and materials in the proper quantity, quality, price, range and time. Failure in any of these areas increases costs and decreases profit as certainly as outmoded production methods or ineffective selling techniques. This simple but obvious point has only recently come to be properly understood. This book presents the principles, methods and strategies that represent the modern approach to materials management in all sectors of the economy. In analysing business operations, the phrase Value-added concept1 is often used to characterise the difference between the cost of component materials and the selling price of the finished product. This difference in value represents the unique contribution of each organisation to the production process. Many companies produce component parts and materials for other firms manufacturing specialised products Remanded by the customers. On an average, a manufacturing firm buys slightly more than half of the rupee value of its sales. In other words, the value added is typically less than 50 per cent of its sales. Conversely, the average company purchases materials valued at more than half of what it sells. Therefore, a firms profit is to a large extent determined by how effectively it procures and manages these materials. The organisational approach known as materials management has gained validity in recent years. Production and operations managers found it necessary to develop an organised body of knowledge related to planning, acquisition and utilisation of materials in the process of production and it has resulted in the discipline known as mate-rials management. All activities involved in bringing materials into and through the plant are combined under one head known as materials manager. By giving the materials manager overall authority, responsibility is centralised to assure that the overall cost of materials is kept at the lowest possible level. The basic rationale for this organisational change is to overcome the problems of conflicting objectives. For cample, purchase departments concern to ensure continuous supply of component materials may conflict with he inventory control departments objective to minimise inventory levels or the objective of shipping in full car load lots. Today organisations view procurement as a professional activity including activities involved in obtaining materials at minimum cost, transporting them and providing storage and moving toward the production process. It also includes economic analysis of supply (i. e. , purchase economics), demand and prices and the assessment of international events that affect materials. * evolution of materials management Historically, the five ‘M’s of manufacturing firms viz. Men, Materials, Machines, Money and Methods have shifted their positions from time to time in their relative importance. In the early days of industrialization, the focus was on men (labour) as they were the main source of productive power. Over a period of time, the emphasis shifted towards machines, which became the main source of industrial power after the Industrial Revolution. As the methods of production became more and more complex due to the increased customer demand for sophisticated products of high quality, there was greater need of efficient management to manage the complex production systems. In the early 1920s, purchasing and maintaining stock of materials was the responsibility of purchasing managers or chief controllers of purchasing and stores in many industries. During and immediately after World War II the focus shifted on various functions associated with materials such as purchasing, receiving, inspecting, storing, preserving, handling, issuing, accounting, transporting and disposing surplus and obsolete materials. These functions grouped under one common head known as materials manager and the department responsible for all these activities came to be known as materials management department. But the head of materials management department performed a staff function to support the production department and had to report to the production head (director of production) in the organizational hierarchy. The oil crisis of the 1970s changed the priorities of industries all over the world. The exorbitant hike in oil prices and the heavy budget allocations on oil made the industries to control their expenditure on the inputs, mainly materials of all kinds because of the large scope to reduce the expenses on materials. Since the beginning of 20th century, materials have been getting more and more attention and will continue to do so in the future also. Now a days material has* become an important and inevitable input of a production system since the cost of materials and cost on materials (cost incurred in purchasing and storing the materials) put together account for 50 to 85% of the production cost depending on the nature of the product and the type of the production system. Modern manufacturing organisations adopted systems approach to management, which resulted in the integrated materials management concept. All functions related to materials such as materials planning, purchasing, storing and inventory control were integrated under materials management function. The position of the head of the integrated materials management department was elevated to be on par with heads of other functional areas viz. production, finance and human resources. * importance of materials in manufacturing organisations Materials are any commodities used directly or indirectly in producing a product or service such as raw materials, component parts, assemblies and supplies. In the manufacturing organisations, the important inputs are referred to as 5 Ms viz. Men (Labour), Machines, Money, Materials and Methods. The relative importance among these five Ms have shifted from time to time. In the beginning of industrialisation the focus was on machines, men (labour) and methods, but from around 1970 onwards the emphasis is on materials. Material is an important and inevitable input gi J production system since the cost of materials and cost on materials (cost incurred in purchasing and storing the materials) put together account for 50 to 85* of the production cost depending on the nature of the product and the type of the production system * importance of materials management Management of materials in most organisations is crucial to their success because the cost of purchasing, storing, moving and shipping materials account for over half of the products cost. Improving productivity is a crucial factor in facing the challenge of competition and this involves driving down the cost of all aspects of business activities. Since there is maximum scope of cost reduction in the area of materials, doing the job of efficient and effective management of materials is seen as the key to higher productivity.

What is a long-loop reflex?

What is a long-loop reflex? A rapid stretch of a voluntarily contracting muscle evokes electromyographic (EMG) responses at various latencies, as described by Loo, K. McCloskey, D. (1985). Response latency measures the time delay between a perturbation and response, the response is typically greater in a stretch than a jolt as found by Lee and Tatton (1975) who also proposed that there are typically 3 responses to a muscle stretch namely M1, M2 and M3. The first, M1, represents the short latency involuntary monosynaptic spinal stretch reflex involving primary afferents. M2 represents the delayed response corresponding to the, perhaps transcortical, long loop reflex response and M3 represents the latency for a voluntary response mediated by the cerebellum. These 3 distinct responses can be displayed graphically, as shown in figure 1. From analyzing figure 1 we can see that, using the terminology introduced by Lee Tatton (1985), M1 is the response seen approximately 45-60ms after the perturbation, M2 represents the increase in EMG activity 60-90ms after the perturbation and the increase in EMG activity between a latency of 90-110ms is termed M3. Any response with a latency of greater than 110ms is a voluntary response and is not considered to be a reflex response. These findings have been widely accepted and are frequently cited in later studies, for example in the study by Thilmann, A. F., Schwartz, M., Topper, R. Fellows, S.J. and Noth, J. (1991). Suminski, A.J., Rao, S.M., Mosier, K.M. and Scheidt, R.A. (2007) made a similar discovery finding short latency responses arising from monosynaptic reflexes, consistent with the latency of the M1 response. Petersen, N., Christensen, L., Morita, H., Sinkjà ²r, T. and Nielsen, J. (1998) showed that ankle dorsiflexors typically show an M3 response. More interestingly, this paper also claims that the M2 response in the upper limb seems to correspond with the M3 response in the lower limbs. According to Corden,  D.M., Lippold,  O.C.J., Buchanan, K. and Norrington, C. (2000), the second component of the stretch reflex response, M2, was first discovered by  Hammond (1955) who believes that the long latency is due to the long loop reflex travelling the extra distance to the cortex. Hammond (1956) studied the EMG response in the bicep muscle and found that the earliest voluntary muscle activation in response to mechanical taps occur after 90-100ms which contradicts with the later findings from Lee Tatton (1975) who claim voluntary response represents latencies greater than 110ms. This raises the possibility that the long loop reflex may have voluntary input. There have been many studies carried out investigating if the long-loop reflex is mediated by transcortical pathways. Logically, one would expect reflexes to be a hard-wired response and voluntary movement to have variation in responses. However, Evarts and Fromm (1981) provides evidence suggesting variability in their study of the wrist position. They concluded that the long loop reflex gives a pathway for the motor cortex to initiate closed loop feedback control to the flexors and extensors of the wrist. It can be argued that long latency responses fit both voluntary and reflex criteria. Arthur Prochazka, for one example, took particular interest in ambiguity for the correct definition of a reflex. For instance, is it regarded as a response which happens too quickly for the brain to notice, in which case, the M2 response would not be classed as a reflex since it is of long latency, or can it be defined as an involuntary response, in which case, the M2 response would be classed as a reflex since it occurs below the time threshold for it to be a voluntary action and occurs without any conscious awareness of the movement. If the long loop reflex goes via the motor cortex, it could be influenced voluntarily. A notable study by Loo McCloskey (1985) proposed that long loop reflexes are variable. This report studied the EMG responses of the flexor pollicis longus when a stretch was applied to the thumb-tip. The subject was required to initially have the muscle in a fixed, contracting state generating a constant force to give a baseline EMG to compare any results found against. Their results showed that, in the isometric holding task, all participants of the study could significantly alter the long latency responses to a stretch with some subjects recording up to 95% reduction in EMG activity when instructed to let go as opposed to resist. This indicates that motor set has an influence on the long loop reflex. Although the results for the isometric tracking, isotonic tracking and weight lifting tasks were less convincing, they still showed the ability to decrease EMG activity when told to let go not resis t, contradicting previously claimed results from Marsden et al (1976) which suggested that prior instructions had no influence on EMG responses. When the thumb was anaesthetised, there was no evidence of abolishment of the long latency EMG response, contrary to what was noted by Marsden, Merton Morton (1971). However, Loo McCloskey (1985) found there was a significant linear correlation between the percentage increase in perceived heaviness and the percentage reduction in long latency reflex. This study provides us with defining results, however, not all subjects performed all tests and not all results were significant so there still remains room for debate. Long loop reflexes were found to be abolished or depressed by lesions to the pathways to and from the cerebral cortex, again, giving the view that the long loop reflex does take a transcortical pathway. Matthews, P. B., Farmer, S. F. Ingram, D. A. (1990) also concluded from their study on the localization of the stretch reflex of intrinsic hand muscles in a patient with mirror movements that long loop reflexes are mediated transcortically. The long loop reflex, it has been suggested, has a slower onset due to the longer route the reflex has to take. A monosynaptic spinal reflex arc is clearly a shorter route than the long loop reflex which, as some evidence shows, could go via the cortex. In a previous study, Hammond (1954) suggests the main feasible explanations for the delayed M2 response could be due to the longer neural pathway it takes or that the neurones involved are slower conducting. Matthews (1984) discovered the same findings as he suggested in his paper that the M2 response is mediated by muscle spindle secondary endings which by nature are slower conducting afferents. Corna, S., Grasso, M., Nardone, A. and Schieppati, M. (1995) also concluded that M2 response in the ankle muscles is mediated by group II afferents. Marsden, C., Merton, P., and Morton, H., (1976) argued that the long loop reflex could not be altered by the motor set and hence concluded that the response was more likely to be a reflex respons e than voluntarily response. However, as pointed out by Loo McCloskey (1985), the subjects of the experiment were in fact the researchers themselves, hence, the results may be bias because sub-consciously they are aware of the experiment and what is going to happen and already have a prediction of what they want to happen. Rothwell, Traub and Marsden (1980) also suggested that long loop reflexes are not variable. Gassel (1970) claims that long loop reflexes occur predominantly with stimulation of cutaneous nerves or dorsal roots. To this end, Marsden et al. (1978) studied the stretch reflex response in the human flexor pollicis longus, which when stimulated, results in flexion of the thumb. If this muscle is stabilized, for example, fixed in plasticine, then cutaneous nerve activity can be detected. It is proposed that long loop reflexes going via the motor cortex, have become progressively more important in effective motor control of motor skills. There is an initial judgement of the required strength of the muscle contractions needed before any specific movement. Any error in the estimate will result in the activation of the muscle spindle receptors and will result in a corrective long loop reflex, which causes an appropriate change in the signals from the motor cortex, correcting the response of the movement. This happens with a latency of less than 50 msec. This is about 70msec for lower limbs. This corrective compensation is automatic and unconscious. The pathways for 1a receptors up to the motor cortex and hence participation in long loop reflexes have been recognized in mammals such as the cat (Landgren, 1984). Clarac, F. (2005) suggests that the long loop reflexes play an important role in the adaptation of flexors and extensors and hence are useful in posture and moveme nt. He also suggests that they are involved in the mechanisms for anticipating movement, which supports the evidence of a transcortical route since there is input from the brain. Shemmell, J., An, J.H. and Perreault, E.J. (2009) claim transcortical long-loop reflexes are useful in adding flexibility to the human stretch reflex allowing adaptation to a wider range of functional tasks. They also highlight in their report that reflex sensitivity is increased in unstable environments. This study also provides evidence supporting the transcortical route of the long loop reflex since, similar to the findings of Loo McCloskey (1985), if the subject was given instruction prior to the perturbation, the long-loop reflex provides the ability to achieve the desired result even if this is contrary to the stabilizing response you would expect. Their study concludes that stretch reflex modulation in tasks that require changes in limb stability is mediated by motor cortical pathways, and that these differ from pathways contributing to reflex modulation that depend on how the subject is instructed to react to an imposed perturbation. The experiment went on to observe the eff ects of using transcranial magnetic stimulation to create a cortical silent period whereby the muscle stretch was timed so that the M2 response of the stretch reflex occurred during this silent phase. As a result of this, the idea that reflex sensitivity could be increased when in a stable environment was abolished. The reflex responses seen from altered task instruction was found to be not influenced by cortical silence. These results demonstrate that task-dependent changes in reflex function can be mediated through multiple neural pathways and that these pathways have task-specific roles. More recently, Petersen, N. et al. (1998) investigated the possibility of a transcortical pathway by applying stretch to ankle dorsiflexors and recording the EMG signals. In the introduction, Peterson et al. (1998) states that it is widely accepted, for muscles in the distal upper limb, for the long-loop reflex (M2) to be mediated by a transcortical reflex pathway. There is little evidence showin g the same result in proximal and lower limb muscles. Thilmann et al. (1991) found that the M2 response showed no significant change in proximal and lower limb muscles after lesions of supraspinal pathways whereas the M2 responses disappeared in hand muscles after the same lesion. A more clinical approach by Diener, H., Dichgans, J., Hà ¼lser, P.-J., Buettner, U.-W., Bacher, M.  and Guschbauer, B. (1984) suggests the long loop reflex is useful in diagnosing multiple sclerosis. Their results showed that 69% of the patients who have multiple sclerosis have a significantly longer M3 latency response in the antagonistic anterior tibial muscle. This increased delay in M3 response suggests demyelination of the neurones and they concluded that their results support evidence that the long loop reflex is mediated by a transcortical pathway. Figure 1: Clarac , F (2005)  The History of Reflexes Part 2: From Sherrington to 2004,  IBRO History of Neuroscience Corden,  D.M., Lippold,  O.C.J., Buchanan, K. and Norrington, C. (2000) Long-Latency Component of the Stretch Reflex in Human Muscle is Not Mediated by Intramuscular Stretch Receptors. Applied Journal of Physiology. 84(1). 184-188. Corna, S., Grasso, M., Nardone, A. Schieppati, M. (1995) Selective depression of medium-latency leg and foot muscle responses to stretch by an aÃŽÂ ¼-agonist in humans. Journal of Physiology. 484. 803-809. Diener, H.C., Dichgans, J., Hà ¼lser, P.J., Buettner, U.W., Bacher, M.  and Guschbauer, B. (1984) The significance of delayed long-loop responses to ankle displacement for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 57(4). 336-342. Fromm. C., Evarts, E. (1981). Relation of Size and Activity of Motor Cortex Pyramidal Tract neurons during Skilled Movements in the Monkey. The Journal of Neuroscience. 1(5), 453-460. Gassel, M. (1970) A critical review of evidence concerning long-loop reflexes excited by muscle afferents in man. Journal Neurological Neurosurgical Psychiatrics. 33. 358-362. Hammond, P. H. (1954) Involuntary activity in biceps following the sudden application of velocity to the abducted forearm. Journal of Physiology. 127, 23. Lee, R. G. Tatton W. G, (1975) Motor responses to sudden limb displacements in primates with specific CNS lesions and in human patients with motor system disorders. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 2, 285-293. Loo, C.K.C. McCloskey, D.I. (1985) Effects of prior instruction and anaesthesia on long-latency responses to stretch in the long flexor of the human thumb. Journal of physiology, 365, 285-296 Marsden, C. D., Merton, P. A., and Morton, H.B. (1976) Servo action in the human thumb. Journal of physiology. 257. 1-44. Marsden, C. D., Merton, P. A., and Morton, H.B. (1978) Anticipatory postural responses in the human subject. Journal of Physiology.  275. 47-48. Marsden, C. D., Merton, P. A., and Morton, H.B. (1981) Human postural responses. Brain. 104. 513-534. Matthews, P. B., Farmer, S. F. Ingram, D. A. (1990) On the localization of the stretch reflex of intrinsic hand muscles in a patient with mirror movements. Journal of Physiology. 428. 561-577. Petersen, N., Christensen, L.O.D., Morita, H., Sinkjà ²r, T. and Nielsen, J. (1998) Evidence that a transcortical pathway contributes to stretch reflexes in the tibialis anterior muscle in man. Journal of Physiology. 512(1). 267-276. Shemmell, J., An, J.H. and Perreault, E.J. (2009) The Differential Role of Motor Cortex in Stretch Reflex Modulation Induced by Changes in Environmental Mechanics and Verbal Instruction, The Journal of Neuroscience. 29(42). 13255-13263. Suminski, A.J., Rao, S.M., Mosier, K.M. and Scheidt, R.A. (2007) Neural and electromyographic correlates of wrist posture control. Journal of Neurophysiology. 97. 1527-1545. Thilmann, A.F., Schwarz, M., Topper, R., Fellows, S.J. and Noth, J. (1991) Different Mechanisms Underlie the Long-Latency Stretch Reflex Response of Active Human Muscle at Different Joints. Journal of Physiology. 444. 631-643.

The Sharks Potential in the Cure for Human Cancer Essay -- Fish Illnes

The Sharks Potential in the Cure for Human Cancer Thumbing through the pages of Business Week, the headline read Maybe Jaws Can Put the Bite on Cancer. Interested, I continued to read the short article. According to the reporter, Otis Port, researchers at California State University in Fresno say that they have isolated four substances in shark cartilage that appear to inhibit cancer (93). Curious, I continued to read the rest of the article. The chemicals block a mechanism discovered in the mid-1980s at Harvard University: Tumor cells secrete a protein called angiogenin that entices blood vessels to grow close to cancers and nourish them. The shark extracts counteract angiogenin and the tumor starves (93). I sat there pondering the concept and decided that I would further investigate this intoxicating find. Physiology of the Shark The Immune System It is obvious that the sharks and rays of the ocean have existed for a tremendous length of time, 450 million years to be exact. They have survived without dying from bacterial infections, diseases or viruses. This may be because their immune system has changed minutely over those 450 million years. It seems that cartilaginous fish have four different classes of immunoglobulin and that shark antibodies lack the specificity that permits recognition of the subtle differences between two similar types of bacteria (Litman, 68). Sharks antibodies lack the capacity to bind more strongly to an antigen during the course of a prolonged immune response, which has been determined to be an advantage in fighting infection (Litman, 68). Some would think that this inhibits the shark from being able to fight off anything. However, this ancient immune system benefits the shark wholeheartedl... ...he big question is, how far do we push it and are we going to exterminate the main killing machine of the watery ecosystem with the quest for our own survival? It remains a mystery. Bibliography Altman, Lawrence K. à ¬Shark Substance Found to Limit Tumor Growth.à ® New York Times 1 May 1996: A15. Beardsley, Tim. à ¬Sharks Do Get Cancer.à ® Scientific American October 1994: 24-25. Hooper, Judith. à ¬Unconventional Cancer Treatments.à ® Omni February- March 1993: 59-62. Lane, Dr. I. William, and Linda Comac. Sharks Donà ­t Get Cancer. Garden City Park: Avery Publishing Group Inc., 1992. Litman, Gary W. à ¬Sharks and the Origin of Vertebrate Immunity.à ® Scientific American November 1996: 67-71. Mestel, Rosie. à ¬Sharksà ­ Healing Powers.à ® Natural History September 1996: 40-47. Ports, Otis. à ¬Maybe Jaws Can Put the Bite on Cancer.à ® Business Week 21 November 1994:93. The Sharks Potential in the Cure for Human Cancer Essay -- Fish Illnes The Sharks Potential in the Cure for Human Cancer Thumbing through the pages of Business Week, the headline read Maybe Jaws Can Put the Bite on Cancer. Interested, I continued to read the short article. According to the reporter, Otis Port, researchers at California State University in Fresno say that they have isolated four substances in shark cartilage that appear to inhibit cancer (93). Curious, I continued to read the rest of the article. The chemicals block a mechanism discovered in the mid-1980s at Harvard University: Tumor cells secrete a protein called angiogenin that entices blood vessels to grow close to cancers and nourish them. The shark extracts counteract angiogenin and the tumor starves (93). I sat there pondering the concept and decided that I would further investigate this intoxicating find. Physiology of the Shark The Immune System It is obvious that the sharks and rays of the ocean have existed for a tremendous length of time, 450 million years to be exact. They have survived without dying from bacterial infections, diseases or viruses. This may be because their immune system has changed minutely over those 450 million years. It seems that cartilaginous fish have four different classes of immunoglobulin and that shark antibodies lack the specificity that permits recognition of the subtle differences between two similar types of bacteria (Litman, 68). Sharks antibodies lack the capacity to bind more strongly to an antigen during the course of a prolonged immune response, which has been determined to be an advantage in fighting infection (Litman, 68). Some would think that this inhibits the shark from being able to fight off anything. However, this ancient immune system benefits the shark wholeheartedl... ...he big question is, how far do we push it and are we going to exterminate the main killing machine of the watery ecosystem with the quest for our own survival? It remains a mystery. Bibliography Altman, Lawrence K. à ¬Shark Substance Found to Limit Tumor Growth.à ® New York Times 1 May 1996: A15. Beardsley, Tim. à ¬Sharks Do Get Cancer.à ® Scientific American October 1994: 24-25. Hooper, Judith. à ¬Unconventional Cancer Treatments.à ® Omni February- March 1993: 59-62. Lane, Dr. I. William, and Linda Comac. Sharks Donà ­t Get Cancer. Garden City Park: Avery Publishing Group Inc., 1992. Litman, Gary W. à ¬Sharks and the Origin of Vertebrate Immunity.à ® Scientific American November 1996: 67-71. Mestel, Rosie. à ¬Sharksà ­ Healing Powers.à ® Natural History September 1996: 40-47. Ports, Otis. à ¬Maybe Jaws Can Put the Bite on Cancer.à ® Business Week 21 November 1994:93.

Relationships with the Dead in Wordsworths We Are Seven and Hardys Di

Relationships with the Dead in Wordsworth's We Are Seven and Hardy's Digging  Ã‚   "[One] can outlast death not in a divine after life but only in a human one. If the poet dies or forgets his beloved, he murders her" (Ramazani 131); Thomas Hardy's belief of the "poet's duty of remembrance" establishes the basis for his, "Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave?". "[Fearing] he abandoned his own wife before her death," Hardy wrote the poem to assume "the memorial responsibilities of the poet" (Ramazani 131). Whereas Hardy tries to atone for his sins "by continually grieving over his dead wife", the fuel behind William Wordsworth's "We Are Seven," is a question of being and existence (Trilling 57). This question stems from the fact "that nothing was more difficult for [Wordsworth] in childhood than to admit the notion of death as a state applicable to his own being" (Noyes 60). Despite the vastly different intentions of the poets, Hardy and Wordsworth both depict relationships between the living and the dead in their poems; however, while Hardy humorously satirizes how the l iving forget the dead, Wordsworth demonstrates a child's refusal to acknowledge the dead as being gone. In their poems, Hardy and Wordsworth both elicit the use of conversation; however, the fictional conversation in "Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave?," contrasts the non-fictional dialogue in "We Are Seven". Hardy's poem "uses the ballad convention of 'The Unquiet Grave'- a dialogue between living and dead" (Johnson 48), in this case, between a deceased woman and her dog; Wordsworth's poem consists of an actual confrontation he had with a little girl when he traveled through Europe. Hardy's willingness to use disembodied voices for the intended purpose of creating... ...ument Wordsworth brings up, the girl replies, "Nay, we are seven!" (Wordsworth 1333). She lacks the ability to accept death and "this [absence] of awareness [makes] the poem so touching" (Drabble 51). What began as a simple everyday conversation finished as a didactic and somewhat emotional poem. Wordsworth, through a real life conversation, presents "the obscurity and perplexity which in childhood attend our notion of death, or rather our inability to admit that notion'" (Noyes 60). In direct contrast to Wordsworth, who did not intend to writie a deep, meaningful poem, Hardy knew exactly what he wanted to accomplish by writing, "Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave." People too easily remove the dead from their memories, and Hardy wanted to admonish his readers of the importance of remembering the dead; just because the dead are gone, they should not be forgotten.

The Health Benefits of Exercise :: Physical Exercise Fitness Health

The first group of people to utilize the benefits of exercise were the Greeks. It was Aristotle a famous philosopher of the time who brought this concept to the people at the time. The word exercise means "Bodily exertion for the sake of developing and maintaining physical fitness." In today’s world you find people from all walks of life, age and sex exercising in some form or another. Whether it be running in a park or lifting weights in a gym, let’s face its here to stay. There are basically three types of exercise. First we have aerobic meaning with oxygen, this type uses oxygenated blood produced by the heart and lungs to supply the body with energy. This type is long in duration, an example of an exercise would be jogging. Next we have anaerobic meaning without oxygen it uses the stored energy in the muscles only and is short in duration an example would be the 200m hurdles. Finally we come to crosstraining. It encompasses both aerobic and anaerobic styles to make maximum use of all systems this would be accomplished by starting and stopping at different intervals. For example you could go running down a path then stop do push-ups then repeat the cycle again and again. Some of the benefits that can be achieved through exercise are lower blood pressure and an increase in stroke volume. Blood pressure (the force that the blood exerts on the vessel wall). Stroke volume ( the amount of blood that passes through the heart in one beat).By doing this the heart will become more efficient and will be able to recover faster after exercise is over. Remember the heart is a muscle the harder you work it the stronger it becomes. By working the muscles of the body they will naturally become stronger. They will be able to do more work for longer periods of time without fatigue or injury occurring. You will have a greater sense of mental awareness (a clear head). You will feel more attentive about what is gong on around you, as well as feeling less stress from daily problems which brings us back again to less stain on the heart. The benefits to be had by the aging population are unbelievable. People who stay active (exercise) through their life live longer than those who are sedentary (don’t exercise) "Most of the decline we associate with aging is really the result of inactivity.

Viola’s Gender Roles in Twelfth Night

The fluidity and ambiguity with which Viola presents gender is central to the drama of Twelfth Night. But to what extent are Viola's gender roles essential to the comedy of the play? The arrivals of Viola and Sebastian in Illyria serve as the catalysts for drama in Twelfth Night. The presence of twins of different sexes yet identical in appearance is a dramaturgical device crucial to the comic resolution, whilst being somewhat farcical.It is the misunderstandings which Viola’s cross-dressing inevitably causes which make her inverted gender roles so essential to the comedy of the play. Through her disguise, she assumes typically male roles such as of the ‘fool’, and the comic value of her double identity is heightened through the questioning of the gender conventions of Shakespearean theatre.Yet, Viola’s disguise brings with it a strain of melancholy, lessening her assumed gender roles’ comic impact on the play. Viola’s cross-dressing subverts normality in the respect that she abruptly assumes typically male roles such as that of the Fool. Her first meeting with Olivia as a messenger of Orsino’s love is marked by her different approach to courtship.She launches into a preprepared speech of compliments with a poetic apostrophe: ‘most radiant, exquisite and unmatchable beauty’, only to break into prose to check that she is indeed speaking to Olivia. Viola’s repeatedly her speech as conventionally courtly, as it is ‘excellently well penned’ and ‘tis poetical’; yet, these comments essentially refer to its artificiality.In fact, juxtaposed to the opening of the play, this whole meeting is a parody of Orsino’s clichà © approach and indeed the conventions of courtly love. Viola deflates the romantic pretensions of Orsino’s embassy, and such ridicule of the ‘male archetype’ by a woman is highly comical for its suspension of the accepted inferiority o f women in society.Yet, somewhat more absurd is the fact she has also unintentionally assumed his positions of Olivia’s courtier and indeed of a character of great power and superiority, as her actions free both Orsino and Olivia of their rigidity. Furthermore, it is such witty manipulations of others that prove her to be a kind of fool.Act Three Scene One is marked by Viola and Feste’s repartee of attempts to surpass each other’s wit; Viola’s reply to Feste’s comment ‘Now Jove in his next commodity send thee a beard’ is ‘I am almost sick for one, though I would not have it grow on my chin’. Both comments are pointed references to gender and are thus dramatic irony;Feste’s taunting of Cesario’s lack of virility may also serve as a comical meta-theatrical reference to the boy actor playing Viola. However, there is a degree of pathos to Viola’s admission, as the beard she desires if not her own is surely that of Orsino; thereby, she emphasises the complications of her disguise in pursuing her love interest.Yet, most prominent is Viola’s parallel to Feste as a Fool. They have a mutual appreciation of each other’s wit, as Feste comments: ‘I think I saw your wisdom there’, whilst Viola appreciates the intelligence behind his foolery: ‘for folly that he wisely shows is fit†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ She realises the irrationality around her and employs it to her advantage in choosing to cross-dress. Certainly, the whole nature of her disguise itself questions the gaps of seeming, being and knowing, of which the Fool typically explores. Such challenges to male roles make her gender ambiguity amplify the comedy of the play.Viola was played by a boy actor under the conventions of Shakespearean theatre, and this physical fact adds a level of confusion heightening the comedy of her gender roles. Such misplacement is denounced by Olivia’s remark in Act One: Ã¢â‚¬Ë œyou are now out of your text / but we will draw the curtain and show you the picture’ and certainly by the repeated allusions to Cesario’s femininity, such as Orsino’s remark on her appearance: ‘all is semblative a woman’s part’.Olivia’s unveiling is a pivotal moment as it represents the end of the mourning for her dead brother and essentially ‘allows’ the comedy to commence for the audience. It is an ironic act to a character ‘veiled’ herself, and meta-theatrical reference of ‘curtain’ indicates the misplacement of the actor of Viola as much as the character.For as much as her disguise is her own ploy, it is Shakespeare’s dramatic device. Orsino taunts Cesario for his lack of virility, yet he may also be commenting on the male actor’s credibility for the ‘part’ of a woman. No matter how convincing the boy actor was playing Viola, the audience is continually aware that there is a male body under the disguise of a woman and thus a double sex reversal is taking place in Viola’s disguise.Yet, the ‘curtain’ could be symbolic of the uncovering of much more radical approaches than the conformities of Elizabethan theatre. Much of the play’s comedy comes from Shakespeare’s trifling with homosexuality. In Elizabethan England, the idea of such relationships would have been unusual and considerably more absurd than a modern audience may appreciate.The misunderstandings caused by  Viola’s cross-dressing are the root of what audiences of the day would have seen as comic ambiguity. The audience knows Olivia unwittingly desires a woman when she is drawn to the young servant, and we see the relationship between Orsino and Cesario develop throughout the course of the play; indeed, some modern productions show the bond between them in overtly homosexual terms to heighten the comedy. In keeping with the conventions of Eliza bethan comedy as a whole, the play resolves in heterosexual marriage; yet, despite references to Viola in female clothing, this never actually happens.Orsino’s parting lines are: ‘Cesario, come – / For so shall you be while you are a man’. Distinct references to her male alias yet none of her feminine form still denote a comic male to male relationship. For, whilst the fact the use of a male actor for Viola is humorous in itself, it is the radical implications of this role which make Viola’s character so vital to the comedy of Twelfth Night. However, despite the obvious comic implications of her disguise, from Viola’s double identity arises sexual conflict and the potential for tragedy.In her aside at the end of Act 2 Scene 2, she sympathises with Olivia, remarking ‘poor lady, she were better love a dream’, emphasising that as an object of Olivia’s desire she is unattainable. She understands because as Cesario her love for Orsino cannot be reciprocated. He insinuates her gender ambiguity in the previous act: ‘For they shall yet belie thy happy years, / That say thou art a man’. For whilst the disguise grants her access to both parties, the price she pays is the loss of any gender identity, as she cannot be a woman to Orsino or a man to Olivia .She frequently alludes to her gender disparity, such as when Olivia confesses her love in Act Three Scene One, as Viola’s reply is: ‘I am not what I am.’ Her response is dramatic irony at its most explicit and effectively summarises the extent of her travesty in inciting Olivia’s affections. However, this statement is typical of her expression throughout the play; such evasions and wordplay are because she cannot speak of her real self.To the audience, it is somewhat striking that her real name is not pronounced until the very last scene, when Sebastian greets her: ‘Thrice welcome, drowned Viola.’ The playâ⠂¬â„¢s resolution aligns with the conventions of comedy in settling misunderstandings and proving a ‘happy ending’; there is no sense of Viola’s individual identity until the reunion with her brother, when correct gender roles are asserted.However, the tragedy of her  character is heightened further by the fact Orsino does not even mention her real name in his parting line. Overall, while some critics argue Viola is the most developed of the characters in Twelfth Night, for she is not constrained to a stock character, this inevitably adds an oblique side.Her gender roles may heighten the comedy, but the emotional toll of the disguise which she calls a ‘wickedness’ should not be ignored, and detract her from the role as a simple asset in the play’s comedy.To conclude, the inversion of her gender roles is radiant of the ‘carnival spirit’ so prevalent in Twelfth Night. We see that the play’s comedy is very much enhanced by V iola’s cross-dressing, in as much the gender conventions her masquerade breaks as the inevitable misunderstandings.However, we see also that cross-dressing has certain tragic implications, true to the nature of comedy harbouring a dark underside. Thus, her gender roles are to a limited extent essential to the comedy of the play.

The thrust of the Computer Security Plan

The thrust of the discipline processing arranging certificate Plan part of the art Plan is to ensure that the information brasss to be deployed by the comp whatsoever testament be in line with of the strategic relegation and vision of the company. In order to meet that the information applied science infrastructure and resources depart meet the requisite requirements of every strategic, tactical and operational plan, the company decided to divide on the right footing by adapting the standards contained in the ISO/IEC 177992005 or specifically know as the Information Technology earnest Techniques Code of Practice for Information Security Management. By purchasing the ISO 17799 Toolkit, the company bath conjoin the roadmap for a much deposit information systems environment, implement the policies contained in the toolkit, and in the end obtain ISO 17799 certification to add more value to the consulting occupation.Specifically, the company provide ab initio address the following aras that require speedy attention1. drug user trademark methods and policies This will be ground on class 11.1.1 of ISO 17799 wherein, An get at control policy should be established, authenticated, and reviewed based on business and security requirements for entrance. overture control rules and rights for each user or group of users should be clearly utter in an access control policy. entrance money controls are both logical and somatogenic and these should be considered together. Users and service winrs should be assumption a clear statement of the business requirements to be met by access controls.2.Desktop policies This will be based on Sections 11.3.2 neglected user equipment and 11.3.3 Clear desk and clear filmdom policy wherein, Users should ensure that unattended equipment has curb protection. All users should be made conscious(predicate) of the security requirements and procedures for protecting unattended equipment, as well as their respon sibilities for implementing much(prenominal)(prenominal) protection. Users should be talk over to terminate active sittings when finished, unless they tin can be guaranteed by an appropriate fix mechanism, e.g. a password protected concealing saver log-off mainframe computers, servers, and office PCs when the session is finished secure PCs or terminals from unauthorised use by a winder lock or an equivalent control. A clear desk policy for papers and obliterable storage media and a clear diffuse policy for information processing facilities should be adopted.3.Remote user authentication methods and policies This will be based on Section 11.4.2 User authentication for external users of ISO 17799 wherein, Appropriate authentication methods should be used to control access by distant users. Authentication of remote users can be achieved use, for example, a cryptological based technique, hardware tokens, or a challenge/response protocol. Possible implementations of such techn iques can be found in various virtual private communicate (VPN) solutions. Dedicated private lines can withal be used to provide toast of the source of connections. Dial-back procedures and controls, e.g. using dial-back modems, can provide protection against unauthorized and unwanted connections to an organizations information processing facilities. This type of control authenticates users onerous to establish a connection to an organizations lucre from remote locations.4. tidings policy This will be based on Section 11.3.1 Password use of ISO 17799 wherein, Users should be required to follow good security practices in the plectron and use of passwords. All users should be advised to keep passwords confidential avoid retention a paper or software record of passwords, unless this can be stored unwaveringly and the method of storing has been approved change passwords whenever in that location is any indication of possible system or password compromise assign quality passwo rds with sufficient minimum duration which are easy to remember not based on anything somebody else could easy guess or obtain using person related information not vulnerable to dictionary attacks free of resultant identical, all-numeric or all-alphabetic characters change passwords at uniform intervals or based on the issuing of accesses, and avoid re-using or cycling elder passwords change temporary passwords at the start-off log-on not include passwords in any automated log-on process, not use the self corresponding(prenominal) password for business and non-business purposes.5.Communication process for email, secure file exchange via email This will be based on Section 10.1.1 Documented operating procedures of ISO 17799 wherein, Operating procedures should be documented, maintained, and made available to all users who essential them. Documented procedures should be prepared for system activities associated with information processing and communication facilities, such as computer start-up and close-down procedures, backup, equipment maintenance, media handling, computer live and mail handling management, and safety. Operating procedures, and the documented procedures for system activities, should be treated as formal documents and changes authorized by management. Where technically feasible, information systems should be managed consistently, using the same procedures, tools, and utilities.To further manage the information technology infrastructure and resources, the plan calls for the adoption of the best-of-breed address by way of making original that the building blocks of information security (Shaurette 2002) are fully exploited. These building blocks include the optimal use of security policies, authentication, access control, anti-virus/ suffice filtering systems, virtual private networking (VPN)/encryption methodologies, pic services consulting, intrusion protection system, and macrocosm key infrastructure (PKI)/certification governme nt activity (CA)/digital signatures systems. This is considered to be the first metre towards finding a technique for framework and evaluating the security of a system (Stjerneby 2002).